Luận án Mô hình đặc tính kênh truyền cho thông tin thủy âm vùng nước nông

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DO VIET HA
MÔ HÌNH ĐẶC TÍNH KÊNH TRUYỀN
CHO THÔNG TIN THỦY ÂM VÙNG NƯỚC NÔNG
CHANNEL MODELING FOR SHALLOW
UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATIONS
DOCTORAL THESIS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
HA NOI - 2017
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DO VIET HA
MÔ HÌNH ĐẶC TÍNH KÊNH TRUYỀN
CHO THÔNG TIN THỦY ÂM VÙNG NƯỚC NÔNG
CHANNEL MODELING FOR SHALLOW
UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATIONS
Specialization: Telecommunications Engineering
Code No: 62520208
DOCTORAL THESIS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
SUPERVISORS:
1. Assoc.Prof. Van Duc Nguyen
2. Dr. Van Tien Pham
Hanoi - 2017
DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP
I hereby declare that this dissertation titled, "Channel Modeling for Shal- 
low Underwater Acoustic Communications”, and the work presented in
it are entirely my own original work under the guidance of my supervi- 
sors. I confirm that:
• This work was done wholly or mainly while in candidature for a PhD
research degree at Hanoi University of Science and Technology.
• Where any part of this dissertation has previously been submitted
for a degree of any other qualification at Hanoi University of Science
and Technology or any other institution, this has been clearly stated.
• Where I have consult the published work or others, this is always
given. With the exception of such quotations, this dissertation is
entirely my own work.
• I have acknowledged all main source of help.
• Where the thesis is based on work done by myself jointly with oth-
ers, I have made exactly what was done by others and what I have
contributed myself.
SUPERVISORS
Hanoi, August 27, 2017 
PhD STUDENT
1. Assoc.Prof. Van Duc Nguyen
Do Viet Ha2. Dr. Van Tien Pham
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor Associate Prof.
Dr. Nguyen Van Duc for for providing an excellent atmosphere for doing
research, for his valuable comments, constant support and motivation.
His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this
dissertation. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and
mentor for my PhD.
I would also like to thank Dr. Pham Van Tien for their advice and
feedback, also for many educational and inspiring discussions.
My sincere gratitude goes to the members in the Wireless Communica-
tion Lab, School of Electronics and Telecommunications, Hanoi Univer-
sity of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. Without their support
and friendship it would have been difficult to complete my PhD studies.
I am also thankful to Dr. Nguyen Tien Hoa for his invaluable instruc-
tions in presenting my dissertation.
I would also like to express my deepest gratitude to my parents, my
husband, my son, and my daughter. They were always supporting me
and encouraging me with their best wishes, they were standing by me
throughout my life.
Hanoi, August 27, 2017
PhD STUDENT
Do Viet Ha
Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
LIST OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 1. DESIGN OF SHALLOW UWA CHANNEL SIMU-
LATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2. Overview of Simulation Models for UWA Channels . . . . . . . . 19
1.2.1. Rayleigh and Rice channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2.2. Deterministic SOS Channel Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.2.3. Deterministic SOC Channel Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.3. The Geometry-based UWA Channel Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.3.1. Developing the Reference Model from the Geometrical Channel
Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.3.2. The Simulation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.3.3. The Estimated Parameters of the Simulation Model . . . . 27
1.3.4. Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4. The Measurement-based UWA Channel Simulator . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4.1. The Reference Model from the Measurement Data . . . . . . 29
1.4.2. The Simulation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.4.3. Estimated Channel Parameters of the Simulation Model 33
1.4.4. Comparison of the Two Channel Simulators . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.5. The Proposed Approach for the Static UWA Channel . . . . . . 35
1.5.1. Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.5.2. Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
i
ii
1.6. The Proposed Approach for the Case of Doppler Effects . . . . 39
1.6.1. The Measurement Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.6.2. The Conventional Measurement-based Simulators . . . . . . . 41
1.6.3. The Proposed Channel Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.7. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Chapter 2. MODELING OF DOPPLER POWER SPECTRUM
FOR SHALLOW UWA CHANNELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.2. The Proposed Doppler Spectrum Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.2.1. The Doppler Effects in Shallow UWA Channels . . . . . . . . . 56
2.2.2. The Proposed Doppler Model for UWA Channels . . . . . . . 59
2.3. The Description of Doppler Spectrum Measurements . . . . . . . 63
2.3.1. Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.3.2. Measurement Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.3.3. Reference Model from the Measurement Data. . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.4. Parameter Optimizations of the Proposed Model . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.5. Measurement and Doppler Modeling Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.5.1. Scenario 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.5.2. Scenario 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.5.3. Scenario 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.6. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Chapter 3. UWA-OFDM SYSTEM PERFORMANCE ANAL- 
YSIS USING THE MEASUREMENT-BASED UWA CHAN-
NEL MODEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 78
3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.2. ICI Analysis of UWA-OFDM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.2.1. SIR Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.2.2. Ambient Noise Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.2.3. SINR Calculation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.3. Capacity Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
iii
3.4. Numerical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.4.1. The SIR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.4.2. The SINR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.4.3. Channel Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.4.4. Transmit Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.5. Chapter Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
ABBREVIATIONS
ACF Autocorrelation Function
AOA Angles of Arrival
AOD Angles of Departure
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
CIR Channel Impulse Response
FCF Frequency Correlation Function
ICI Inter-Channel Interference
INLSA Iterative Nonlinear Least Square Approximation
ISI Inter-Symbol Interference
LNA Low Noise Amplifier
LOS Line of Sight
LPNM Lp-Norm Method
MESS Method of Equally Spaced Scatterers
MSE Mean Square Error
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
PDF Probability Density Function
PDP Power Delay Profile
PN Pseudo-Noise
PSD Power Spectra Density
Rx Receiver
SINR Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio
SIR Signal-to-Interference Ratio
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
SOC Sum-of-Cisoids
SOS Sum-of-Sinusoids
TCF Time Correlation Function
iv
vT-FCF Time-Frequency Correlation Function
TVCIR Time Variant Channel Impulse Response
TVCTF Time-Variant Channel Transfer Function
Tx Transmitter
UWA Underwater Acoustic
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
WSSUS Wide-Sense Stationary Uncorrelated Scattering
List of Figures
1 Multipath interference in UWA communication systems. . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1 The methodology behind the geometry-based channel modelling [17, 55]. . 17
1.2 The methodology behind the measurement-based channel modelling [31, 56]. 18
1.3 The scheme of designing the geometry-based channel simulator [17, 55]. . . 22
1.4 The geometrical model for shallow UWA channels with randomly dis-
tributed scatterers Si,n (•) on the surface (i = 1) and the bottom (i = 2)
[55]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.5 The comparison between the normalized FCF of the reference model and
that obtained by the geometry-based simulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.6 Illustration of the measurement setup in Halong bay. . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.7 The measured |hˆ(τ, t)|2 for the transmission distance of 150 m. . . . . . . 31
1.8 The measured and normalized PDP ρ(τ) obtained for the transmission
distance of 150 m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.9 The comparison of the normalized FCF obtained by the two simulators
to that of the reference model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.10 The flowchart of proposed approach to design the static UWA channel
simulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.11 The comparison between the normalized FCF of the reference model and
that obtained by the measurement-based, the geometry-based, and the
proposed simulators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.12 The normalized Doppler power spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.13 a) The reference T-FCF derived from the measurement results. b) The
T-FCF of the channel simulation model designed by the conventional
simulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.14 The comparison between the normalized T-FCF of the reference model
and that obtained by the conventional measurement-based simulator. . . . 44
1.15 The flowchart of the proposed approach for the case of moving Rx. . . . . 46
vi
vii
1.16 a) The reference T-FCF derived from the measurement results. b) The
T-FCF of the channel simulation model designed by the proposed simulator. 48
1.17 The comparison between the normalized T-FCF of the reference model
and that obtained by the proposed simulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.18 a) The error of the simulation T-FCF designed by the conventional
measurement-based simulator. b)The error of the simulation T-FCF
designed by the proposed simulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.1 The 3-D geometry model for shallow environments with randomly dis-
tributed scatterers Si,n (•) on the surface (i = 1) and the bottom (i = 2). . 57
2.2 The Spike-shape Doppler spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.3 Effect of the two Doppler components on the overall Doppler spectrum. . . 62
2.4 Illustration of the measurement setup in Halong bay. . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.5 The Doppler measurement scenario 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.6 The Doppler measurement scenario 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.7 The Doppler measurement scenario 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.8 The steps of parameter computations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.9 The reference model S˜n (f) compared with the proposed Doppler model
S (f) for four observed cases in scenario 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.10 The reference model S˜n (f) compared with the proposed Doppler model
S (f) for six typical cases in scenario 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.11 The reference model S˜n (f) compared with the proposed Doppler model
S (f) for six cases in scenario 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.12 The estimated trajectory movement of the Rx for scenario 3. . . . . . . . . 77
3.1 Average SIR versus signal bandwidth for different numbers of sub-carriers.. 88
3.2 Average SINR versus signal bandwidth for different numbers of sub-carriers. 89
3.3 Capacity of UWA-OFDM system versus signal bandwidth for different
numbers of sub-carriers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.4 Average spectra efficiency versus signal bandwidth for the number of
sub-carriers N = 256, and SNR = 20 dB at the receiver. . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.5 Required transmit power PT versus signal bandwidth to achieve an SNR
of 20 dB at the receiver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.6 Average spectra efficiency versus SNR at the receiver for the number of
sub-carriers N = 256, and signal bandwidth B = 10 kHz. . . . . . . . . . . 94
viii
3.7 Average SIR, SINR versus SNR at the receiver for the number of sub-
carriers N = 256, and signal bandwidth B = 10 kHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
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