Nonlinear distortions and countermeasures for performance improvements in contemporary radio communication systems

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION & TRAINING MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
MILITARY TECHNICAL ACADEMY
NGUYEN THANH
NONLINEAR DISTORTIONS AND
COUNTERMEASURES FOR PERFORMANCE
IMPROVEMENTS IN CONTEMPORARY
RADIO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
A thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
HA NOI - 2019
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION & TRAINING MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
MILITARY TECHNICAL ACADEMY
NGUYEN THANH
NONLINEAR DISTORTIONS AND
COUNTERMEASURES FOR PERFORMANCE
IMPROVEMENTS IN CONTEMPORARY
RADIO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
A thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Specialization : Electronic Engineering
Specialization code : 9 52 02 03
Supervisor:
Assoc. Prof. NGUYEN QUOC BINH
HA NOI - 2019
THESIS DECLARATION
I hereby declare that all data and results shown in this thesis are my own
original work created under the guidance from my supervisor. These data
and results are honestly presented and are not yet published in any previous
works. I also declare that, as required by academic rules and ethical conduct,
I have fully cited and referenced all materials and results that are not original
to this work.
Ha Noi, November 2019
Nguyen Thanh
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
At the very first words, it takes a lot of good karma to have Assoc. Prof.
Nguyen Quoc Binh as a mentor. His insightful thinking, thoughtful enthusi-
asm and unbounded kindness have always helped change his students' lives
for the better, and I am no exception to this rule. I will always be indebted to
him for igniting my passion for the profession when I was an undergraduate
and then for guiding me through the most memorable years of my life doing
this thesis.
My heartfelt thanks also go to respected senior colleague from Department
of Communications, Faculty of Radio-Electronic Engineering, Le Quy Don
Technical University, and also to other lecturers, professors and authorities
for their valuable ideas, comments and reviews that actually make this work
much better.
I would like to thank the staff from Office of Postgraduate Academic Af-
fairs, Le Quy Don Technical University for their devoted help in making
administrative procedures extremely convenient.
I am grateful to all my friends here at Le Quy Don Technical University
and elsewhere. Each one of them, in his or her own unique way, has left on
me a lasting impression that can not be described in words.
Finally, I really would like to thank my dear parents and my small family
for sharing the simple yet great joy of life in every moment.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
List of Mathematical Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 1. Introduction to Nonlinear Distortions and Practical
MIMO-STBC Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.1. Main causes of nonlinear distortions in radio communication
systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2. Nonlinear HPA model classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3. Nonlinear HPA distortion impacts in SISO systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.4. Multiple-input multiple-output systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.5. MIMO in satellite communication systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.6. Nonlinear HPA distortion impacts in MIMO systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.7. Summary of chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
i
ii
Chapter 2. Nonlinear HPA Modeling and Proposed Polysine
Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2. Instantaneous nonlinear models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.2.1. Cann original model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.2.2. Cann new model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.3. Envelope nonlinear models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.3.1. Envelope representation of bandpass signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.3.2. Saleh model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.3.3. Rapp model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.3.4. Cann envelope model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.3.5. Polynomial model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.3.6. Proposed polysine model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.3.7. Other conventional HPA models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.4. Applications of HPA models in communication simulation . . . . . . . 63
2.4.1. Representation of envelope models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.4.2. Simulation with two-tone testing signal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.4.3. Simulation with continuous-spectrum testing signal. . . . . . . . . . 67
2.5. Summary of chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Chapter 3. Predistortion Methods for Nonlinear Distortions due
to HPAs in MIMO-STBC Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
iii
3.2. Nonlinear distortion effects in MIMO-STBC systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.2.1. MIMO-STBC 2× nR system model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.2.2. Nonlinear distortion effects incurred by HPAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.3. Predistortion schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.3.1. Ideal inverse Saleh predistortion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.3.2. Adaptive secant predistortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.3.3. Adaptive Newton predistortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.3.4. Adaptive LMS polynomial-approximated predistortion . . . . . . 89
3.4. Performance evaluation for predistored MIMO-STBC systems . . . 90
3.4.1. System parameters and performance measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.4.2. Receive signal constellations with predistortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.4.3. Error vector module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.4.4. Modulation error ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.4.5. Bit error ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.5. Summary of chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Chapter 4. Automatic Phase Estimation and Compensation for
Nonlinear Distortions due to HPAs in MIMO-STBC Systems 99
4.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.2. Phase rotation impact due to nonlinear HPAs for the MIMO-
STBC signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.2.1. Nonlinear MIMO-STBC system model with phase estimation
and compensation at the receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.2.2. Phase rotation impact due to nonlinear HPAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
iv
4.3. Phase estimation problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.3.1. Gaussian approximation for the nonlinear model . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.3.2. Optimal blind feedforward phase estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.3.3. Harmonic approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.3.4. Biharmonic approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.4. Performance evaluation of the phase estimation and phase
compensation scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.4.1. Performance of the phase estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.4.2. Optimum proximity of the estimated phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.4.3. Total degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.4.4. Bit error ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.5. Summary of chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Final Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
List of Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
List of Acronyms
2/3D 2-/3-Dimensional
2/3/4/5G Second/Third/Fourth/Fifth Generation
3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
AC Alternative Current
ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter
AM-AM Amplitude Modulation-to-Amplitude Modulation
AM-PM Amplitude Modulation-to-Phase Modulation
APSK Amplitude and Phase-Shift Keying
ASK Amplitude-Shift Keying
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
BER Bit Error Rate
BLAST Bell-Labs Layered Space-Time (Architecture)
BO Back-Off
BS Base Station
CCI Co-Channel Interference
DAC Digital-to-Analog Converter
dB Decibel
dBr dB relative to reference level
DC Direct Current
dd distance degradation
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting
v
vi
DVB-S2 DVB - Satellite - Second Generation
DVB-S2X DVB-S2 Extension
DVB-SH DVB - Satellite services to Handhelds
DVB-T DVB - Terrestrial
EPC Electronic Power Conditioner
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
EVM Error Vector Module/Magnitude
FS Fixed Satellite
FST Fixed Satellite Terminal
FSK Frequency-Shift Keying
GSO GeoStationary Orbit
HPA High Power Amplifier
IBO Input Back-Off
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IMD Inter-Modulation Distortion
IMP Inter-Modulation Product
IMP3/5 Third-/Fifth-order IMP
ISI Inter-Symbol Interference
LDMOS Laterally-Diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor
LHCP Left-Hand Circular Polarization
LMS Least Mean Square
LMSat Land Mobile Satellite
LTE Long Term Evolution (3.9G)
LTE-A LTE-Advanced (4G)
vii
LOS Line-Of-Sight
MER Modulation Error Ratio
MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MISO Multiple-Input Single-Output
MLD Maximum-Likelihood Detection
MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error
MRC Maximum-Ratio Combining
MS Mobile Satellite
MSB Mobile Satellite Broadcasting
MST Mobile Satellite Terminal
MU Multi-User
NGSO Non-GeoStationary Orbit
NLOS Non LOS
OAPS Optimum Additional Phase Shifting
OBO Output Back-Off
OrbD Orbital Diversity
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
OSTBC Orthogonal Space-Time Block Coding
PD PreDistortion
PSK Phase-Shift Keying
PTC Polarization-Time Coding
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QoS Quality of Service
QPSK Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
viii
RF Radio Frequency
RHCP Right-Hand Circular Polarization
SatCom Satellite Communications
SatD Satellite Diversity
SD Spatial Diversity
SEL Soft Envelope Limiter
SER Symbol Error Ratio
SF Space-Frequency
SIMO Single-Input Multiple-Output
SINR Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio
SISO Single-Input Single-Output
SM Spatial Multiplexing
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SRRC Square-Root Raised Cosine
SSPA Solid-State Power Amplifier
ST Space-Time
STBC Space-Time Block Coding
STF Space-Time-Frequency
STTC Space-Time Trellis Coding
TD Total Degradation
TR-STBC Time-Reversal STBC
TWT Travelling-Wave Tube
TWTA TWT Amplifier
V-BLAST Vertical-BLAST
List of Figures
1.1 Simplified block diagram of a typical radio transmitter. . . . . . 15
1.2 The IEEE 802.11a spectrum mask for the 20 MHz bandwidth
signal [5]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3 HPA modeling classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4 Typical amplitude and phase distortion characteristics of an HPA
(*)
.23
1.5 Spectrum regrowth due to nonlinear HPA
(*)
. . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.6 Constellation warping due to nonlinear HPA. . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.7 Nonlinear ISI due to nonlinear HPA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.8 Simplified MIMO system diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.9 MIMO technique classification
(*)
[68]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.10 Dual-polarized MIMO land mobile satellite system model. . . . . 38
1.11 Simplified MIMO system with nonlinear HPA. . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.1 Characteristic functions of the Cann new model. . . . . . . . . . 47
2.2 Characteristic functions of the Rapp/Cann original model (2.1)
compared to that of the Cann new model (2.2). . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3 Third order (a) and fifth order (b) IMPs created by the Cann
new model (2.2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.4 AM-AM functions of the Cann envelope model corresponding
to the instantaneous model (2.2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.5 AM-AM (a) and AM-PM (b) functions of typical envelope models. 53
ix
x2.6 AM-AM functions of the Rapp model with different sharpnesses. 55
2.7 AM-AM functions of the Cann, Rapp, polynomial, odd-order
polynomial and polysine models fitted to the measured data. . . 57
2.8 Two-tone waveform, f1 = 7 [Hz], f2 = 10 [Hz]. . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.9 Polar envelope model block diagram [52]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.10 Third order (a) and fifth order (b) IMPs of five models in
Figure 2.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.11 Amplitude histograms of two-tone (a) and 1+7-APSK (b) test-
ing signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
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