Phân tích giá trị cảm xúc của những lời bình luận bởi giám khảo trong Thần tượng âm nhạc Mĩ theo Thuyết đánh giá

 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC SƯ PHẠM TP HỒ CHÍ MINH 
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC 
HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION 
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 
ISSN: 
1859-3100 
KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN 
Tập 15, Số 5 (2018): 190-200 
SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES 
Vol. 15, No. 5 (2018): 190-200 
 Email: tapchikhoahoc@hcmue.edu.vn; Website:  
190 
AN AFFECT VALUE ANALYSIS OF COMMENTS GIVEN BY JUDGES 
IN AMERICAN IDOL IN THE LIGHT OF APPRAISAL THEORY 
Nguyen Thanh Tri
*
Quy Nhon University 
Received: 08/4/2018; Revised: 02/5/2018; Accepted: 24/5/2018 
ABSTRACT 
The paper focused on investigating the language of Affect in comments given by judges in 
American Idol in the view of Appraisal Theory by Martin and White (2005). The paper is 
theoretically based on Appraisal, specifically Affect and its subtypes namely Un/Happiness, Dis/ 
Inclination, In/ Security, Dis/ Satisfaction. In addition, it is about the data and methods applied. 
The findings reveal that all sub-types of Affect used in the language of judges in American Idol and 
they had the differences in the values realized Affect. 
Keywords: Appraisal Theory, affect, comments, American Idol. 
TÓM TẮT 
Phân tích giá trị cảm xúc của những lời bình luận bởi giám khảo 
 trong Thần tượng âm nhạc Mĩ theo Thuyết đánh giá 
Bài báo tập trung nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ cảm xúc trong những lời bình luận của những giám 
khảo trong thần tượng âm nhạc Mĩ theo Thuyết đánh giá của Martin và White năm 2005. Bài báo 
dựa trên lí thuyết của Thuyết đánh giá, cụ thể là giá trị cảm xúc và các tiểu loại như 
Un/Happiness, Dis/ Inclination, In/ Security, Dis/ Satisfaction. Thêm vào đó, bài báo trình bày dữ 
liệu và phương pháp nghiên cứu được áp dụng. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy tất cả các tiểu loại 
của giá trị cảm xúc đều được sử dụng trong ngôn ngữ của giám khảo tại Thần tượng âm nhạc Mĩ 
và có nhiều điểm khác trong việc nhận ra giá trị cảm xúc. 
Từ khóa: Thuyết đánh giá, cảm xúc, bình luận, Thần tượng âm nhạc Mĩ. 
1. Introduction 
American Idol, a reality television singing competition, was aired in America on 
June 11, 2002 and quickly became the most popular entertainment series with viewers in 
the hundreds for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars. The conversation 
interaction between judges and contestants provides a key platform for analyzing 
communication through a commentary lens. In judges’ comments on contestants’ 
performance, the judges use linguistics resources to interact, to evaluate the contestants or 
comments after their performances. Whereas, Appraisal theory, which is linguistically 
considered as a further development of the Halliday’s framework on Functional Grammar 
*
 Email: kiengo93@gmail.com 
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC - Trường ĐHSP TPHCM Nguyen Thanh Tri 
191 
to understand more comprehensively the sophisticated means through which we express 
our personal viewpoints and respond to the viewpoints of others, has shown to be a useful 
tool for analysis. In addition, in Vietnam, the study of comments given by judges in 
American Idol has not received much concern from researchers. Only Phan [15] conducted 
her study to analyze the Appraisal of mood adjuncts expressing assurance and concession 
in discourse of American Idol and Vietnam Idol. Besides, Tran [17] drew on cross-cultural 
similarities and differences in giving comments on contestants’ performance by judges in 
Vietnam Idol and American Idol. It might, therefore, be considered as a potential 
framework to carry out this research. This paper aims at examining Affect values in the 
language of judges in the game show American Idol. 
2. Theoretical framework of Appraisal Theory 
Appraisal Theory is a framework for the exploration of speakers’, writers’ style in 
their positive or negative assessment of people, places, things, happenings and states of 
affairs. Appraisal itself is regionalized as three interacting domains namely Attitude, 
Engagement and Graduation. Attitude is concerned with our feelings, including emotional 
reactions, judgments of behavior and evaluation of things. Engagement deals with sourcing 
attitudes and the play of voices around opinions in discourse. Graduation attends to 
grading phenomena whereby feelings are amplified and categories blurred. Attitude is 
itself divided into three regions of feeling, Affect, Judgement and Appreciation. 
Judgement: the evaluation of human behaviour with respect to social norm (e.g. 
right, wrong, ethical, responsible, etc). 
Appreciation: the evaluation of objects and products (rather than human behavior) by 
reference to aesthetic principles and other systems of social values (e.g. beautiful, 
unattractive, yummy, simple, lovely, dramatic, etc.). 
Affect: the characterization of phenomena by reference to emotion (e.g. shining with 
joy, nasty, sad, happy). 
Specifically, Affect is concerned with registering positive and negative feelings: do 
we feel happy or sad, confident or anxious, interested or bored?. Besides, Martin and 
White (2005) mentioned that the evaluation carried out through Affect values can be 
Authorial Affect (involves the writer/ speaker indicating how they have responded 
emotionally to the person, thing, happening or situation being evaluated) or Non-Authorial 
Affect (describes the emotions of other individuals). In addition, Affect is indicated through 
various lexical items as: 
- Verbs of emotion with Mental Process such as to like/to dislike, to love/to hate, to 
interest/ to bore, to please/ to displease 
- Adverbs with Circumstance of Manner such as happily/ sadly, delightfully/ 
disappointedly 
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC - Trường ĐHSP TPHCM Tập 15, Số 5 (2018): 190-200 
192 
- Adjectives of emotion such as satisfied/ glad/ happy/ worried/ confident, 
keen/uninterested, frightened/ confident 
- Nominalization such as insecurity/ confidence, happiness/ worry 
The variable in the typology of Affect group emotions is categorized into four major 
sets having to do with Un/Happiness, In/Security/ Dis/ Satisfaction, Dis/ Inclination. 
- Un/Happiness: involves the moods of feeling happy or sad such as cheerful, love, 
adore, miserable 
- In/Security: covers our feelings of peace and anxiety in relation to our environs, 
including of course the people sharing them with us- anxious, confident, trusting, 
startled 
- Dis/ Satisfaction: deals with our feelings of achievement and frustration in relation to 
the activities in which we are engaged, including our roles as both participants and 
spectators, for instance, angry, fed up with, jaded 
- Dis/Inclination: is concerned with fear or desire with the words like suggest, request, 
want, demand, long for, wary, fearful 
3. Appraisal studies 
There have been several studies carried out over a range of fields based on the 
Appraisal Theory such as writing in secondary school history (Coffin, 1997), casual 
conversation (Eggins &Slade, 1997), popular science (Fuller, 1998), narrative in secondary 
school (Rothery & Stenglin, 2000), teaching reading at tertiary level (Liu, 2010), or media 
discourse (White, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2002b, 2004a). For example, Birot (2008) has an 
investigation into evaluation in media reporting. Pascual & Unger (2010) focus on using 
Appraisal to evaluate Argentinean researchers’ writing for grant proposals while Hai-bi 
Wu (2013) uses the Appraisal Framwork to analyze the attitudinal meaning of public 
advertising discourse service. Moreover, Painter (2003) investigates the early child’s 
language using Appraisal Theory. 
In Vietnam, a number of researches on the Appraisal Theory have been carried out. 
Regarding the use of political language, Nguyen (2010) studies stylistic devices in political 
speeches by US Presidents by using the model of Appraisal Theory by Martin. In the 
domain of bussiness English, Vo (2011) employed Appraisal for the analysis od style in 
English and Vietnamese bussiness hard new reporiting. As for the language of sport 
commentaries, Nguyen (2014) compares evaluative language used in football 
commentaries in English English and Vietnamese online newspapers. There are several 
other studies conducted in the light of Appraisal such as expansion resources in English 
and Vietnamese political editorials (Nguyen, 2014), modes of expression of attitude in 
commentaries about Panama profiles, social attitude in news reports towards president 
Obama’s visit to Vietnam (Nguyen, 2016). 
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC - Trường ĐHSP TPHCM Nguyen Thanh Tri 
193 
These studies focused on a variety domains of the evaluative language in both 
English and Vietnamese. However, there have been no reseachers applying the Appraisal 
theory in analysis of Affect expressions in comments given by judges in American Idol. 
Therefore, it is expected that the paper is an effort to bridge this gap, contributing the 
recommendation of Vietnamese learners of English, a reliable source of the usage of Affect 
in order to understand what the language of Affect is and how to use it clearly. 
4. Research Methodology 
The data of the study was collected in American Idol season 15 with 50 comments 
from the reliable website such as American Idol website, American Idol official on 
YouTube. The data was from the transcripts of American Idol in the websites. The study 
employs a combination of qualitative, quantitative and descriptive method. Both 
quantitative and qualitative methods are used to find out the semantics of Affect in giving 
comments by judges in American Idol. In addition, the descriptive method is used for 
describe and give a detailed description of the samples. 
5. Findings and discussion 
5.1. General finding of occurrence frequency of Affect values 
Table 5.1. Sub-categories of Affect values in comments given by judges in American Idol 
Un/Happiness 52 53,06% 
In/Security 15 15,30% 
Dis/Satisfaction 13 13,26% 
Dis/Inclination 18 18,38% 
Total 98 100% 
As shown in Table 5.1, all the four sub-types of Affect values are employed in 
comments given by judges in American Idol. In total, 98 instances of Affect are found in 
50 comments given by judges in American Idol. The table also reveals that sub-categories 
of Affect including Un/Happiness, In/Security, Dis/ Satisfaction or Dis/ Inclination are 
found with different occurrence of frequency. Un/Happiness was the most frequently used 
with 53,08% while the Dis/Satisfaction Affect appears the least frequently at 13,26% with 
13 instances of all American Affectual expression in American Idol. The Dis/Inclination 
sub-type accounts for 18,38% with 18 instances and followed by the In/ Security at 15, 
30%. This result means that the judges in American Idol express attitude toward the moods 
of feeling happy or sad. Whereas, they seem to be less focused on expressing emotional 
state of dis/satisfaction, which express feeling with the pursuit of goals. 
5.1.1. Un/Happiness 
a. Positive Happiness Affect 
Let’s take an instance of this kind of Affect found in the language of judges in 
American Idol as example: 
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC - Trường ĐHSP TPHCM Tập 15, Số 5 (2018): 190-200 
194 
Jennifer Lopzer: You know,I felt like[Affect- Happiness- Positive- Authorial]. I lost 
Shelbie in that a little bit. You know, I love that song [Affect- Happiness- Authorial- 
Positive]. And it’s very theatrical. And I understand Constantine doing that. I don’t 
understand you doing that. So it, for me, as much as I love what you do [Affect- Happiness- 
Positive- Authorial]. I lost Shebie in all of that for me. 
(SHELBIE Z AND CONSTANTINE) 
The hightlighted and underlined words are the explicit Happiness Affect. In these 
words, “like”, “love”, we can understand apparently the happiness by inferring the 
meaning of the words. These words are in the kind of cheerful, which are the words show 
Happiness Affect according to Martin and White (2005). Those are the enjoyable emotion 
of the judge Jennifer Lopzer, who expresses her feeling for the performance of the 
contestant. The emoter is “I” who describes the emotion of the speaker (Jannifer Lopzer), 
so it is called Authorial Affect. 
b. Negative Unhappiness Affect 
Let’s look at the example below: 
Keith Urban: Yeah I mean. I’m just going to be straight. I hated the arrangement 
[Affect- Unhappiness- Authorial- Negative]. I really did. I think when you pick a song like 
that, you’ve either got to do it like the thing that it’s written for or you’ve got to strip it way 
down. And for me, you ended up right in the middle, which was sort of nowhere. It was like a 
maudlin kind of energy and you’re a killer singer, man, and you connect with the audience. 
So I like you. I just didn’t like the arrangement [Affect- Unhappiness- Authorial- Negative]. 
(MACKENZIE BOURGE TOP 4) 
We can see that in the example, the verbs “hated”, and “didn’t like” express the 
emotional state of antipathy with the emoter is the judge Keith Urban, who found that the 
arrangement of the song makes him dislike. It is thus presented here as Authorial Affect. 
Here is an example of Non-Authorial Un/ Happiness Affect: 
Jennifer Lopez: Hey, Tristan. Listen, I felt like towards the end [Affect - Happiness- 
Authorial- Positive]. That really kind of picked up steam. The beginning looked to me like 
you were really thinking a lot [Affect- Insecurity- Non-Authorial- Negative]. The end felt 
like you were feeling more [Affect- Security- Non-authorial- Positive], and that’s when it 
got good. 
(TRISTAN MCINTOSH- TOP 24) 
Exception of expressing the feeling “like” towards the end of the song which is 
performed by the contestant Tristan Macintosh, the judge Jennifer Lopez also observes and 
conveys the emotional responses of the contestant in the performance expressed by Tristan 
Macintosh. 
5.1.2. In/Security 
a. Positive Security Affect 
Let’s take the examples below: 
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC - Trường ĐHSP TPHCM Nguyen Thanh Tri 
195 
(1)Harry Connick Jr.: As you can tell by the audience's reaction. That's what you 
needed to come out and do. When you're in your comfort zone, there's nobody like you, in 
this competition, Avalon. And I really, really believed [Affect- Security- Authorial- 
Positive] that was what you needed to do right now. We have to see the other, but that was a 
great, great performance. 
(AVALON YOUNG TOP 8) 
(2) Jennifer Lopez: It's really cool, what's good is that you know what you do and who 
you are, and what feels right and fluid and comfortable for you [Affect- Security- 
Authorial- Positive]. That was really, really good. I also the fact that the falsetto. The high 
falsetto hook is hard to do, so you didn't do it. You did your own take on it. That's really 
clever, that's the way to do it, and you make it your own. It's good. 
(AVALON YOUNG TOP 8) 
In two examples above, in expressing feeling of trust, the judges might use the words 
such as believe, comfortable In particular, in (1) the performance of the contestant was 
not deeply impressed to the judge. The contestant always keeps in his comfort zone 
without attracting the audiences, which makes the judge Harry Connick, Jr believe Alvalon 
Yong to be able to come out and do. So Harry Connick Jr expresses his feeling of trust by 
saying “I really, really believed that was what you needed to do right now”. In (2), it is 
seem that the adjective “comfortable” was used to evaluate the emotion of the contestant 
when performing. The emoter in (1) is “I” so it is Authorial Affect while the emoter in (2) 
is “you”so it is called Non-Authorial Affect. 
b. Negative InSecurity Affect 
Let’s look at the following examples below: 
(3)Keith Urban: When I was 16 I did a show in Australia. A singing tv show, just like 
this. And I was terrified and trying to reign the nervesin is so hard to do and it effects, the 
first thing it does it effects pitch and breathing and everything. And I sensed a lot of that 
going on tonight. So all I can say is, your tone is gorgeous, don't worry about all that stuff 
[Affect- Insecurity- Non-authorial- Negative] you've got plenty of time to work on all that. 
(LEE JEAN TOP 6) 
In (3) the judge Keith Urban realized that the young contestant performed a song 
with a little anxious, which had an effect on performance of Lee Jean. Thus, Keith Urban 
encourages him in making good this point in the next performance. The emoter is Lee Jean 
so we call it Non-Authorial Affect. 
(4) Jennifer Lopez: Listen, You have so much going for you. You know, you have 
amazing style, a great personality, you have a beautiful voice you have so much going for 
you. And I like this performance for you. Is it gonna be enough? I'm not sure because I feel 
like there has to be a little more composure when it comes to the "do or die" moments and I 
just felt maybe it was a tiny bit shake. [Affect- Insecurity- Non-authorial- Negative] 
(LEE JEAN TOP 6) 
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC - Trường ĐHSP TPHCM Tập 15, Số 5 (2018): 190-200 
196 
We can see from this example that it is in emotional state of disquiet meaning with 
the word “shake”, which the judge Jennifer Lopez coveys emotion of contestant through 
performance so that audiences and viewers exactly recognize the contestant Lee Jean in the 
show top 6 of American Idol and the emoter is the contestant who doesn’t involve the 
judges so it is Non-Authorial Affect. 
5.1.3. Dis/Satisfaction 
a. Positive Satisfaction Affect 
Look at the examples in comments given by American judges below: 
(5) Harry Connick, Jr: It’s hard to do what you did. When she sang the first eight 
bars, she was saying everything pretty much on the beat. And she held notes out for a very 
long time. And she’s a very gifted vocalist and she’s able to do that. I thought it was lovely. 
Let me just say that. I was captivated. [Affect - Satisfaction- Authorial- Positive]. It looked 
like you guys were falling in love in front of my eyes. But I just wanted to make a suggestion. 
I’ve heard you take risks before. I don’t think you have to sing so on the beat. I think you can 
accommodate those words to your creativity which I’ve seen you do before. But all in all, I 
thought it was really sweet man. 
(ADAM LASHER AND HALEY REINHART- TOP 24) 
(6) Harry Connick Jr: I agree, Mckenzie and the thing that was really cool for me 
[Affect- Satisfaction- Authorial- Positive] was it almost seemed like you've come completely 
"full circle” because that performance was very similar to the feeling that we had. 
(MCKENZIE BOURG TOP 3) 
In American Idol, the judges express their feeling of interest by using the possible 
terms such as interested, captivated, cool In the example (5), the judge Harry Connick, Jr 
expressed his feeling of interest by saying “I was captivated” after a successful 
performance with a beautiful song performed by honoured guest and candidate. Similarly, 
in (6), Harry Connick, Jr also expressed emotional state of interest after seeing a good 
performance of the contestant. 
b. Negative Dissatisfaction Affect 
Let’s see some examples: 
(7) Keith Urban: I agree with them. It’s and I this is like, one of the I love this 
song. And I’m sure you guys do too. And it’s not meant to be a duet. So I get it. It was just- it 
just kind of. I don’t know. It was I got a little scared. It didn’t pull me in, Shelbie [Affect - 
Dissatisfaction - Authorial- Negative]. And I agree with Jen. I kind of lost of you a little bit 
[Affect- Dissatisfaction - Authorial- Negative]. But nothing about the performance pulled 
me in[Affect- Dissatisfaction – Authorial - Negative]. I kept waiting to come in. And it was 
kind of doing this to me the whole time. 
(SHELBIE Z AND CONSTANTINE) 
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC - Trường ĐHSP TPHCM Nguyen Thanh Tri 
197 
(8) Keith Urban: I liked it, and I don't differ that much from what Jenny said, too. It 
felt a little bit Piece-meal to me [Affect - Dissatisfaction- Authorial- Negative]. Sometimes 
you were smiling, sometimes you weren't Sometimes you were moving, sometimes you 
weren't. And to me, it's all, about the lyrics. Thank you. 
(MANNY TORRES TOP 24) 
We can see from this example (7) the judge found that the performance of Shelbie 
was not fascinated, the judge Keith Urban therefore expressed his feeling of displeasure by 
saying “It didn’t pull me in, Shelbie. And I agree with Jen. I kind of lost of you a little bit. 
But nothing about the performance pulled me in”. In (8) the judge Keith Urban also 
evaluated the performance of Manny Torres disconnected to him. This brings the negative 
meaning and expresses the emotional state of displeasure. 
5.1.4. Dis/Inclination 
a. Positive Inclination Affect 
Look at these examples: 
(9) Harry Connick, Jr: So I knew that you had it in you. I had a problem with the way 
you sang ‘My Funny Valentine” last week. Because I hoped [Affect - Inclination- 
Authorial- Positive] that you would have sung. It like you sang this. And in my opinion, that 
was a flaw less lyric delivery. 
(JENN BLOSIL TOP 14) 
(10) Jennifer Lopez: Hey, Tristan. Listen, I felt like towards the. That really kind of 
picked up steam. The beginning looked to me like you were really thinking a lot. The end felt 
like you were feeling, and that’s when it got good. And I think you need to concentrate on 
doing that. [Affect - Inclination – Non - Authorial - Positive]. 
(TRISTAN MCINTOSH- TOP 24) 
In (9) the judge made his desire by using the verb “hoped” to say things he wanted 
the candidate to do as the previous round because the performance of Jenn Blosil had a 
problem with a flaw less lyric delivery. It is extremely easy to know that the emotion gives 
us the positive meaning and it describes the emotion of the judge- Harry Connick, Jr so it is 
Authorial Affect. In (10) the contestant didn’t make the emotional connection between the 
beginning and the end of the song. Thus the judges wanted the contestant to concentrate on 
doing that. Like the example (9), the judge showed his desire of being good connection by 
using the “need” and the emoter is “you”, so we call it Non-Authorial Affect. 
b. Negative Inclination Affect 
Here are some instances about this type of Affect: 
(11) Keith Urban: I agree with them. It’s and I this is like, one of the I love this 
song. And I’m sure you guys do too. And it’s not meant to be a duet. So I get it. It was just- it 
just kind of. I don’t know. It was I got a little scared [Affect- Disclination- Authorial- 
Negative]. It didn’t pull me in, Shelbie. And I agree with Jen. I kind of lost of you a little bit. 
But nothing about the performance pulled me in. I kept waiting to come in. And it was kind 
of doing this to me the whole time. 
(SHELBIE Z AND CONSTANTINE) 
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC - Trường ĐHSP TPHCM Tập 15, Số 5 (2018): 190-200 
198 
(12) Keith Urban: When I was 16 I did a show in Australia. A singing TV show, just 
like this. And I was terrified [Affect - Disclination - Authorial- Negative] and trying to 
reign the nerves in is so hard to do and it effects, the first thing it does it effects pitch and 
breathing and everything and I sensed a lot of that going on tonight. 
(LEE JEAN TOP 6) 
In (11) “scared” expressed the meaning of the judge’s fear toward a duet 
performance of honored guest and contestant. In this sentence, the emotion gives us the 
negative meaning and it describes the emotional state of the judge Keith Urban so it is 
Authorial Affect. Like the instance (11), the emotion in (12) also brings us the negative 
meaning and it is in the emotional state of being scared. In particular, the judge Keith 
Urban expressed his feeling of scared in a sing TV show when he first performed on the 
stage. 
6. Conclusion, limitation and suggestion for futher research 
In general, Affect values in comments given by judges in American Idol were 
analyzed in the view of mainly Appraisal Theory of Martin and White (2005). Relating to 
Appraisal, Affect is evaluated and categorized into four major sub-types based on its 
meaning including Un/Happiness, In/Security, Dis/ Satisfaction and Dis/ Inclination all of 
which are used in comments by American judges. Of the four sub-types, the Un/Happiness 
Affect appears in comments the highest frequently and Dis/ Satisfaction has the least 
frequency. 
Although the study has produced significant findings with respect to comments given 
by judges in American Idol in terms of Affect in the light of Appraisal Theory, an 
important issue that requires further explication has been identified. That is, the study is 
limited to the contrastive analysis between English and Vietnamese. It is suggested that 
further research in relation to Affect value should be conducted to have an overall picture 
of investigating into emotion in judges’ language in American Idol and Vietnam Idol 
which merit further studies. 
 Conflict of Interest: Author have no conflict of interest to declare. 
REFERENCES 
Arnold, J. (1999). Affect in Language Learning. New York: Cambridge University Press. 
Bednarek, M. (2006). Emotion talks across corpora. Palgrave Macmillan. 
Birot, S. (2008). Evaluation in Media Reporting: A comparative Analysis in BBC, CNN and 
Aljazeera Reports, Department of English and Literature, University of Liverpool. 
Coffin, C. (1997). Constructing and giving value to the past: an investigation into secondary school 
history. In F. Christie & J. R. Martin (Eds.), Genre and institutions - social processes in the 
workplace and school (196-230). London: Cassell. 
Eggins, S., & Slade, D. (1997). Analysing casual conversation. London: Cassell. 
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC - Trường ĐHSP TPHCM Nguyen Thanh Tri 
199 
Fuller, G. (1998). Cultivating science: negotiating discourse in popular texts of Stephen Jay Gould. 
In J. R. Martin & R. Veel (Eds.), Reading science: critical and functional perspectives on 
discourse of science (35-62). London: Routledge. 
Liu, X. (2010). An application of appraisal theory to teaching college English reading in China. 
Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 1(2), 133-135. 
Martin, J. R., & White, P. R. R. (2005). The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. New 
York: Palgrave Macmillan. 
Nguyen, T. T. D. (2014). An investigation into evaluative language used in football commentaries 
in English and Vietnamese online newspapers – A comparative study, Unpublished master 
thesis, Quy Nhon University. 
Nguyen, T.T.H. et at (2014). The use of Expansion resources in English and Vietnamese political 
editorials about North Korea in the light of Appraisal theory. Science Journal at HCM 
University of Education in 2014. No. 60. 
Nguyen, T. T. H. (2016). An appraisal study of social attitude in news reports towards president 
Obama’s visit to Vietnam. Journal of Science, National University, Hanoi. 
Nguyen, U. D (2010), An Investigation into Stylisitc Devices in Political Speeches by US President. 
M. A. Thesis, the University of Danang. 
Painter, C. (2003). Developing attitude: An ontogenetic perspective on 
 Appraisal. Walter de Gruyter, 23, 183-209. 
Pascual, M., & Unger, L. (2010). Appraisal in the research genres: an analysis of grant proposals 
by Argentinean researchers. Revista Signos, 43, 261-280. 
Phan, T. H. M. (2016). An appraisal analysis of mood adjuncts expressing assurance and 
concession in discourses of American Idol and Vietnam Idol. M. A. Thesis, the University of 
Danang. 
Rothery, J., & Stenglin, M. (2000). Interpreting literature: the role of appraisal. In L. Unsworth 
(Ed.), Researching language in schools and functional linguistic perspectives (222-244). 
London: Cassell. 
Tran, T. H. N. (2011). A Vietnamese- American Cross-cultural Study of Giving Comments on 
Contestants’ Performance by Judges in Vietnam and American Idol. M. A. Thesis, Vietnam 
National University, Ha Noi. 
Vo, D. D. (2011). Style, Structure and Ideology in English and Vietnamese Business Hard News 
Reporting- A comparative study. (Doctoral Dissertation),University of Adelaide. 
White, P. R. R. (1997). Death,disruption and the moral order: the narrative impulse in mass "hard 
news" reporting. In F. Christie & J. R. Martin (Eds.), Genres and institutions: social 
processes in the workplace and school (101-133). London: Cassell. 
White, P. R. R. (1998). Telling media tales: the news story as rhetoric, PhD thesis, Sydney: 
University of Sydney. 
White, P. R. R. (2000). Dialogue and inter-subjectivity: reinterpreting the semantics of modality 
and hedging. In M. Coulthard, J. Cotterill & F. Rock (Eds.), Working with dialogue (67-80). 
Tubingen: Neimeyer. 
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC - Trường ĐHSP TPHCM Tập 15, Số 5 (2018): 190-200 
200 
White, P. R. R. (2002b). News as history – your daily gossip. In J. R. Martin & R. Wodak (Eds.), 
Rereading the past: critical and functional perspectives on time and values (61-89). 
Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 
White, P. R. R. (2004a). Subjectivity, evaluation and point of view in media discourse. In C. 
Coffin, A. Hewings & K. O'Halloran (Eds.), Applying English Grammar. London: Hodder 
Arnold. 
ONLINE SOURSES 
https://www.youtube.com/user/americanidol 
White, P. R. R. (2001). Appraisal website: www.grammatics.com/appraisal 
White, P. R. R. Appraisal: Overview. 2001a . 
White, P. R. R. 1. Attitude/Affect. 2001b. . 
CÁC SỐ TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC SẮP TỚI: 
 Tập 15, Số 6 (2018): Khoa học tự nhiên và công nghệ 
 Tập 15, Số 7 (2018): Khoa học giáo dục 
 Tập 15, Số 8 (2018): Khoa học xã hội và nhân văn. 
Ban biên tập Tạp chí Khoa học rất mong nhận được sự trao đổi thông tin 
của các đơn vị bạn và được bạn đọc thường xuyên cộng tác bài vở, góp ý xây dựng.