Better utilisation of manure in integrated pig-Fish farming in viengchang, lao pdr

HUE UNIVERSITY 
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
TICK NOUANTHAVONG
BETTER UTILISATION OF MANURE IN INTEGRATED PIG-FISH FARMING IN VIENGCHANG, LAO PDR
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ANIMAL SCIENCES
HUE, 2021
HUE UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
TICK NOUANTHAVONG
BETTER UTILISATION OF MANURE IN INTEGRATED PIG-FISH FARMING IN VIENGCHANG, LAO PDR
SPECIALIZATION: ANIMAL SCIENCES
CODE: 9620105
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ANIMAL SCIENCES
SUPERVISORS:
1:ASSOC.PROF. DR. NGUYEN DUY QUYNH TRAM 
2:ASSOC.PROF.DR. DU THANH HANG 
HUE, 2021
DECLARATION
	I hereby declare that this thesis represents my own work. All of the results described in this thesis are righteous and objective. They have been published in Journal of Livestock Research for Rural Development (LRRD)  and International Journal of Trend in Research and Development (IJTRD) www.ijtrd.com 
	Hue University, 2021
 	Tick NOUANTHAONG, Ph.D. student
DEDICATION
To my mother, brother, sister for their assistance and inspiration
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 This research of Ph.D. thesis was conducted at (i) the Living Aquatic Resource Research Center, National Agriculture and Forestry Researcher Institute. (ii) The farmers in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR, were supported by the Mekong Basin Animal Research Network (MEKARN II) project for research and scholarship.
 I am greatly indebted to my main supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Nguyen Duy Quynh Tram, and my other supervisors, Associate Professor Dr. Du Thanh Hang and Dr. Mac Nhu Binh for their mentoring and constructive advices during my studies. My supervisors have made me much more confident as a scientist and researcher; their patience and encouragement during my illness and their positive criticism have helped me accomplish this work. 
My special thanks go to Professor Dr. Thomas Reg Preston, my teacher and adviser, for all his valuable guidance and supports during my study. I am also grateful to Dr. Vanthong Phengvichith at National Agriculture and Forestry Researcher Institute (NAFRI), Lao PDR and Dr. Kieu Borin (MEKARN II), regional coordinator for their facilitation, help, and support to the whole course. Especially, I am very thankful to the professors, lecturers and assistant lecturers in the Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry and MEKARN II program, for giving me care and useful knowledge. 
My warmest thanks are extended to my mother Bouankham Nouanthavong for her great help, support and encouragement, my younger brother and sister for their support and encouragement; to my Ph.D. classmates from the three countries: Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia, for sharing the culture, friendship and creating a warm atmosphere throughout the time of the course. 
 I sincerely thank all the people who contributed to this study.	
ABSTRACTS
The overall objective of the thesis was to study how to better utilize integrated pig-fish farming in Viengchang, Lao PDR. There were three studies in this thesis: The first study was the survey on the current status of pig-fish farming in lowland areas of Lao PDR; the second one was to study the effects of fresh or treated pig manure and different levels of nitrogen on water quality and growth performance of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus); and the third one was to study nitrogen budgets in the pig-fish farm in Vientiane, Lao PDR.
The aim of the survey (Chapter II) was to understand the current status of integrated pig-fish farming systems and to evaluate the pig manure excretion and use of agricultural by-products for fish culture. Sixty of 75 farms were selected to conduct in-depth interviews and clarified into 2 models (1) pig size scale per farm and (2) nitrogen level management system. In Model 1, small, medium, and large scales were clarified by a number of pigs per farm 500, respectively. In Model 2, three categories of nitrogen release levels on a pond (A, B and C) were 7-45 g-N/m2, respectively. The results of the survey showed that the average numbers of pig in small, medium and large scale were 36 ± 31; 319±100.5, and 1,278±105.9, respectively; and pig manure produced were 16.90±14.9; 150.49±47.49, and 603.75±50.05 ton/year in a small, medium and large farm, respectively. The fish pond utilized was provided two times per month Nitrogen levels from pig manure released in the pond were 13±1.7, 24±1.8, and 67±2.2 g-N/m2) in A, B and C, respectively. The fish yield productions were higher for A (2,365±165.4 tons/ha/year) and B (1,993±172.9 tons/ha/year) than for C (1,400±220.4 tons/ha/year). 
In Chapter III, the experiment was arranged as a 2*3 factorial design. Eighteen plastic cover ponds were fertilized with treated or fresh pig manure and nitrogen provided levels of 5, 10, 15 g-N/m2/week. The duckweed was fed 3-5% of fish body weight for all treatments. Results showed nitrogen contents of treated and fresh pig manure were significantly different at 1.2±0.1 and 1.38±0.1, respectively and crude protein content in duckweed was 27.6±2.4%. Tilapia growth performance (ADG) was lower in treated manure than in fresh one (0.55 vs 0.63 g/day, respectively), nitrogen level in fresh manure 15 g N/m3/week the fish was growing. The water quality of pH (treated/fresh) were of (7.21 > 6.95 mg/liter), and significantly different (P 0.77 mg/liter) was significantly different (P<0.001). BOD in (treated/fresh) (5.50<8.22 mg/liter) was significantly different (P<0.05) and interaction treatments, and level in treatments. COD in (treated/fresh) (15.4<19.4 mg/litter). The experiment III (chapter IV) The nitrogen recycle model and flow in the pig-fish farms, there was a pig’s house for raising pig and collection manure, the manure was stored in the pig house, the manure was loaded to the fish pond and duckweed pond for stimulating. fifteen pigs (10 male and 5 female) with a mean bodyweight of (14.27 ±0.21 kg)were fed the same diet with similar formulation (Soybean meal 12%+ Concentrated feed 1%+ Rice bran 45%, Maize 42% on DM). Results showed that the feeding ingredients of pig diet DM/CP were 88.69% and 14.08% respectively. DM feed intake 1.03 kg/day, final weight 32.2 kg, ADG was 198.32 g/pig/day, FCR was 5.9 kg, feces produced 912.32 g/pig/day, N-faeces (% DM) was 0.39 and urine was 1.56 (L/day) and N-urine (%) was 0.58. The fish ponds were fertilized with pig manure at the radio 3.5kg or 15g-N/m2, and supplemented with duckweed ADG of tilapia was of 92.29 g /day, fish yield production 3.8 tonnes/ha, SR, of 88.75%, and FCR, 1.84, feed cost produced 1.7 US$/kg; prices of selling pig/fish ( 1.87 and 1. 52 US$/kg). 
The results of this thesis implicated that utilization of integrated pig-fish farming system can be modified by the use of pig manure waste recycled on the fish pond for utilization duckweed at the pond. It stimulats natural food for tilapia growth performance and reduces pollution to the natural environment
Key words: Tilapia, feed, pig manure, fresh/ treated, nitrogen cycle, duckweed integrated pig-fish farming 
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 1	5
Figure 1. Number of pigs in Lao PDR, from 2015-2018; Sources: (FAOSTAT, 2019)	7
Figure 2. Number of the ponds and cages culture Lao PDR (DLF et al, 2017)	17
Figure 3. World Tilapia production in 2015 (Fitzsimmons, 2015)	18
CHAPTER 2. 	53
Figure 1. Study site	55
Photo 1: Homemade (Local feed)	57
Photo 2: Manure utilized fish pond directly	57
Photo 3. Crops and fruit cultivation in pig-fish farms (banana, mango, coconut, and lemon	57
Photo 4: Small scale farm	58
Photo 5: Medium scale farm	58
Photo 6: Large scale farm	58
Photo7. Recycle by natural water hyacinth	59
Photo 8. Recycle by natural duckweed	59
Photo 9. Manure stored and effected to environmental	60
CHAPTER 3. 	72
Photo1. Layout of the ponds	76
Photo 2. Manure application	76
Photo 3. Feeding duckweed	76
Photo 4. Measuring body length	77
Photo 5. Balancing body weight	77
Photo 6. Parameters of temperature/pH	78
Photo7. Parameters test kits of NO3, NH3, DO	78
Photo 8. Method analysis of BOD and COD	79
Photo 9. Method of DM	79
Photo10. Method of CP and Nitrogen (N)	79
Figure 1. Effect of fresh/treated of manure and supplementation with duckweed on LWG of Tilapia	84
Figure 2. Effect of interaction fresh/treated of manure and supplementation with duckweed on LWG of Tilapia	84
CHAPTER 4. 	90
Figure 1. Nitrogen flow in pig-fish farm: (1). the pigs housed were separated the faeces and urine; (2). Manure storages; (3) Duckweed pond; (4) Fish pond.	93
Photo 1. Weighting pig	94
Photo 2. Pig pen	94
Photo 3. H2SO4 15% and 20ml	95
Photo 4.Urine collection	95
Photo 5. Faeces collection	95
Photo 7. Samples site collection of duckweed in plastic pond	95
Photo 8. Culture of duckweed in plastic pond	95
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 1	5
Table 1: Comparison food supply security target of Lao PDR (2015-2020)	6
Table 2. Number of live products meat consumption in 2017	7
Table 3. Agri-Environmental indicators, livestock manure (pig manure or Nitrogen content) in Lao PDR	15
Table 4. Emissions - Agriculture of pig manure management of nitrogen content in Lao PDR	15
Table 4. Cortisol and testosterone production, discharge, treatment efficiency and removal rate for the LowRAS and HighRAS treatment	20
CHAPTER 2. 	53
Table 1. Pig feeding model and manure management in integrated pig-fish farm of (%)	58
Table 2. Utilization of pig manure	59
Table 3. The effect of the pig manure produced on farms by using in fish production in the pond and environmental pollution	60
Table 4. Shows the percentage of fish species cultured in farm-scale models (small, medium and large scale)	61
Table 5. The expenditure and income on farms scale (Small, medium and large) in (USD)	62
Table 6. Show the problems of integrated pig-fish farming systems	64
CHAPTER 3. 	72
Table 1. Layout of experiments	75
Table 2. Chemical composition of fresh/treated pig manure and duckweed	80
Table 3. Water quality of fish ponds fed (fresh/treated) pig manure different nitrogen level and supplementation of duckweed	82
Table 4. LWG of Tilapia in fed treated/fresh of pig manure with different nitrogen level and supplementation of duckweed	84
CHAPTER 4. 	90
Table 1. Chemical composition and proportion of ingredients in the diet (%)	97
Table 2. Chemical composition of duckweed % in DM	98
Table 3. Growth performance of three pigs during an experiment at the farms	98
Table 4. Mean value of faeces and urine of pig	99
Table 5. Nitrogen balance and N-efficiency of feed in 3 pigs	99
Table 6. The water quality from fish pond fertilized pig manure 15g-N/m3	100
Table 7. The effect of pig manure and supplementation with duckweed and on LWG from Tilapia growth performance	101
Table 8. Expenditures and income composition on farm	101
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND EQUIVALENTS
ADF	Acid Detergent Fibre	
ADG	Average Daily Gain	 
ANOVA	Analysis of Variance
AOAC	Association of Official Analytical Chemists
BOD 	Biological Oxygen Demand
CF	Crude Fibre
COD 	Chemical Oxygen Demand
CP	Crude Protein 
CRD 	Completely Randomized Design
DAFO	District Agriculture and Forestry
DLF	Department Livestock Fisheries
DM	Dry Matter
DO 	Dissolved Oxygen
DW	Duckweed
FAO 	Food Agriculture Organization
FCC 	Fixed Cost Consumption
FCR	Feed Conversion Ratio
FM	Fish Meal 
G 	Gram
GP 	Gross Product
Ha	Hectare 
IC	Intermediate Consumption
kg 	kilogram
Lao PDR 	Lao People's Democratic Republic
LARReC	Living Aquatic Resource Research Center
LW	Live Weight
MCPD 	Medium Concentration
MEKARN	Mekong Basin animal Research Network
mg 	Milligram
MT	Million Tones
N	Nitrogen
NAFRI 	National Agriculture and Forestry Researcher Institute 
NDF	Neutral Detergent Fibre
NSC 	National Statistic Center
OM 	Organic Matter
P2O5 	Phosphorus
PAFO	Provincial Agriculture and forestry
PPD 	Potassium Permanganate Digestion
PRA 	Participatory Rural Appraisal
PM	Pig Manure
Prob/P	Probability
SD 	Standard Deviation
SE Asia	South East Asia 
SEM	Standard Error of the Mean
SGR 	Specific Growth Rate
Sida-SAREC	Swedish International Development Agency Department for Agriculture	 Research Cooperation 
TS	 Taro Silage
USD	United States Dollar 
Y	Year
INTRODUCTION
1. PROBLEM STATEMENT 	
Lao PDR is a landlocked country located in the Southeast. The population has 236,800 square kilometers with more than 70% mountainous areas. About 6.5 million people (2018) live in its 18 provinces, with more than 68% of the population are still living in rural areas that based on agriculture and natural resources for survival (UNDP Lao DPR, 2018). Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the Lao PDR with a contribution of 23.3% to the gross domestic product (GDP). Livestock production contributes around 3.6% to the national GDP and has a growth rate of 5.9% (MPI, 2017). The agriculture plays an essential role in the national employment, it is continuously decreasing as compared to other national economic sections, from 85% in the 1990s to 64.3% in 2018 (National Assembly, 2018). The population in remote areas still highly remained at 80% and depending on agriculture for their livelihood. More than half of the households is subsistence farmers with annual income below $300 (IFAD, 2019). The agricultural workforces in all parts of agricultural production were women more than 50%, while the average annual income of people in the cities is $1,600 (FAO, 2018). The ratio of livestock strengthening now varies from 50 to -100% of all households in villages where forages have been a suggestion, to comprise different levels of intensification from fattening a few pigs each year to continuously fattening and trading (Millar and Photakonu, 2007). 
In developing countries in the world, farming is the traditional occupation of the majority of rural families, of which 80% belongs to small and marginal categories with small landholding (Mishra et al., 2018). The essential of integrated fish farming involves fish and livestock farming and crops offering efficiency in resource utilization, as by-products from one system are recycled effectively which enables effective utilization of available farming space for maximizing production (Zira et al., 2015). Integrated farming offers tremendous potentials for food security and poverty alleviation in urban and peri-urban areas. It is an efficient way of using the same land resource to produce (Mishra et al., 2018). In integrated farming, wastes of one enterprise become inputs to another and, thus, optimize the use of resources and reduce the pollution. For rural households, fish are small units of cash or foods which can be harvested more or less at will without loss of weight or condition (Primer et al., 2001). The integrated pig-fish farming system is an ideal method for assured further income for fish production in small farms to big farms. Productive recycling of farm and manure obtained by rearing the pigs in the pond area are applied in ponds to r ... 5/96%) respectively; The water quality was fertilized of PM/T were (treated/fresh) (pH, Ammonia-N, Nitrate, and COD) were significantly different (P<0.001) but no significantly different of level/treatments (treated/fresh); The BOD was significant different treatments, level treatment and level treatments (P<0.05). 
Feedstuffs of pig diets and the total CP was 14.09 %. The averages of (%) DM/CP feed intakes were 1.03 and 0.15 kg/day respectively, LWG of pig 198.30 g/day and FCR was of 5.9 kg/day, final weight was of 32.2 kg/pig, PM was produced 912 g/day, urine 1.56 L/day, N-faeces (%) DM was of 0.39 and (%) N-urine was of 0.58. The fish pond was fertilized by PM from the farm site 3.5 kg or 15g N/m2 and supplementation with duckweed 3-5% of body weight. ADG of Tilapia 0.66 g/day. Estimate fish yield 3.8 tonnes/ha .Total expenditure in three months (463 US$), selling of pig/fish (422 US$). FCR, was of 5.9 kg, feed cost/kg (1.7 US$/kg). The prices of selling pig/fish (1.87 and 1.52 US$/kg respectively). 
5.3 IMPLICATION AND FURTHER RESEARCH 
5.3.1. Implication research
The study is focused on the integration of pig and fish. Pig manure and duckweed will be used as feed for cultured fish. Based on the results of the reviews, there are other minor beneficial linkages between fish and pig production including the use of fish cultured in water recycled from animal housing. Nutrients contained in fish cultured water and sediments may be used to plant arable crops and fish. The evolutionary development of pig and fish farming production can be classified within a schema derived from the same larger farming systems. Integrated farming is commonly and narrowly equated with the direct use of fresh manure in fish culture. However, there are larger definitions that better illustrate potential linkages. Indeed the term ‘integrated farming’ has been used for integrated resource management which may not include either pig or fish components. Our focus is the integration of pig and fish, often within a larger farming or livelihood system. 
	Although the housing of pig over or adjacent to fish ponds facilitates the loading of wastes, in practice pig and fish may be produced at separate locations and by different people yet be integrated. The distinguish among manures produced connected to the fishpond and elsewhere on the same farm. The Use of wastes in static water fishponds imposes limitations in terms of both species and intensity of culture. The Stimulation of natural food webs in the pond by organic wastes can support relatively low densities of herbivorous and able to eat anything. An other hand was stimulating a variety of aquatic plants e.g. duckweeds and the aquatic. 
5.3.2 Further research	
Lao PDR is a developing country, 85% of the population are living in a barn with small farmers who are poorer. the population, often not getting enough food to lead ahealthy life. One option for farms in the rural development of food security and a/the link between livestock raising on fish production involves the direct use of livestock waste, including the recycling of nutrients made from fertilizers that act as fertilizers to stimulate natural food and of pig manure waste. This is still a necessity, and there is high quality as supplements fish feed. Manure waste was suggested and presented to farmers with integrated pig-fish farming systems small scale the farmer will reduce feed cost production in the other hand manure waste not effect to the environment in the community. 
	Integrated fish farming, is a diversified and coordinated approach, where agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry are combined with fish culture higher production in a unit area, higher economic stability. Moreover, it is also an environmentally friendly process; the production process can significantly help and improve the fish productivity and overall income of the small and marginal farmer (Sarma, et al., 2017). Recently, the increasing trend of pig farming has enhanced the availability of pig manures which can be successfully used in inland fisheries through the integrated farming approach. On this backdrop, a case study was conducted on the integrated pig-fish farming. According to reported by (Kujur et al., 2005; Kumar and Mishra, 2015) Pig manure can either be directly used or relatively decomposed before approaching the fish pond as pig manure contains about 70% digestible matter for fishes besides certain digestive enzymes, and left-over pig feed serves as direct food for fish. Pig manure enhances nutrients for planktons which are used by the fishes as natural food. 
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Tugie,D., Abebe,A., Endebu.M., 2017. Potential of integrated fish-poultry-vegetable farming system in mitigating nutritional insecurity at small scale farmer’s level in East Wollega, Oromia, Ethiopia. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 2017; 5(4):377-382.
PUBLISHCATION LIST
Nouanthavong, T., Tram, N.D.Q., Hang, D.T., Binh, M. N., 2018. Current Status of Pig-Fish Farming in Low Lands of Lao PDR. International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 5 (5), ISSN: 2394-9333. 352-357.pp 
Nouanthavong, T., Tram, N.D.Q., Hang, D.T., Binh, M. N., 2018. Effects of Fresh or Treated Pig Manure and Different Levels of Nitrogen on Water Quality for Growth Performance of Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus). International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 5 (5), ISSN: 2394-9333. 382-387 pp.