Tóm tắt Luận án Study on cyticercosis in pigs caused by cysticercus cellulosae larvae in Son la, Dien bien province and its preventive, control measures

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY
PhD CANDIDATE: DO THI LAN PHUONG
STUDY ON CYTICERCOSIS IN PIGS CAUSED BY CYSTICERCUS CELLULOSAE LARVAE IN SON LA, 
DIEN BIEN PROVINCE AND ITS PREVENTIVE, 
CONTROL MEASURES 
Speciality: Veterinary parasitology and microbiology
Code: 9.64.01.04
SUMMARY OF DISSERTATION IN VETERINARY MEDICINE
Thai Nguyen, 2020
The dissertation was completed at:
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY
Supervisers: 1. Professor Doctor. Nguyen Thi Kim Lan
	 2. Associate Professor Doctor. Nguyen Thi Ngan
Reviewer 1: ............................................................................
Reviewer 2: .............................................................................
Reviewer 3: .............................................................................
The dissertation will be defended at the Dissertation committee inNational level
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY - TNU
Time ..... date ..... month ...... year 2020
 The dissertation can be found at:
- National Libarary;
- Learning Resource Center - Thai Nguyen University;
- Libraty of College of agriculture and forestry - TNU. 
LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED RELATING TO DISSERTATION
1. Do Thi Lan Phuong, Nguyen Thi Kim Lan, Nguyen Thi Ngan (2019), "The situation of porcine cysticercosis in some districts of Dien Bien Province", Journal of Science and Technology, Thai Nguyen university, 202 (9): 23 - 28.
2. Nguyen Thi Kim Lan, Do Thi Lan Phuong, Phan Thi Hong Phuc, Nguyen Thi Ngan, Pham Dieu Thuy (2018), "Study of Cysticercus cellulosae infection in pigs in Son La province", Journal of veterinary Science, XXV(5): 56 - 64.
3. Nguyen Thi Kim Lan, Do Thi Lan Phuong, Phan Thi Hong Phuc, Pham Dieu Thuy, Đao Van Cuong (2018), “A Study on the Prevalence of Cysticercus cellulosae in pig of Son La Province, Viet Nam”, Saudi J. Med. Pharm. Sci. 4 (5), pp. 587 - 591.
INTRODUCTION
1. Urgency of the dissertation
 Porcine Cysticercosis is caused by Cysticercus cellulosae (Taenia solium) larvae The disease is a zoonosis. In Vietnam, C. cellulosae is found in almost all provinces and cities nationwide, especially in the Northern mountainous provinces. The average prevalence of pigs infected with C. cellulosae in the North of Vietnam is from 1.0 - 7.2%, in the South is 4.3% (De N.V., 2004, De N.V. and Le T. H. 2010).
When pigs are infected, C. cellulosae significantly cause harm to the health of pigs. Most infected pigs are stunted and grow slowly. In case the larvae parasitize the brain, the pig will show neurological symptoms, such as ataxia. If the larvae parasitize in the tongue, paralysis of the tongue and jaw may occur (Nguyen Thi Kim Lan et al., 1999, Pham Sy Lang and Phan Dich Lan, 2011).
The Adult tapeworms reside in human small intestine. In addition to suffering from disease caused by adult tapeworm, people also are infected with taenia solium larvae (C. cellulosae) parasitize in different places in the human body: muscles, eyes, heart, brain. The most dangerous disease is neurocysticercosis - a disease that causes convulsions, hypersalivation, coma and death.
In recent years, pig farming has developed in all provinces and cities throughout the country. However, many households in mountainous areas still raise pigs on a small scale, many households still have no toilets. In addition, the control of pig slaughter in many local places has not been strictly implemented, and the inspection and detection of people infected with tapeworm have not been conducted thoroughly so that the disease still occurs in many places throughout the country, especially in mountainous provinces, including Son La and Dien Bien. According to many authors, porcine Cysticercosis is difficult to recognize, diagnosis of the disease in animals is difficult because the symptoms are atypical, the disease causes economic losses. The disease is dangerous because it can be transmitted to people.
The problems mentioned above reveal that study on porcine cysticercosis and effective preventive measures for this disease in Son La and Dien Bien provinces are very necessary.
2. Objectives of the dissertation
Identifying characteristics of porcine cysticercosis caused by C. cellulosae in Son La and Dien Bien provinces, determining the risk of pigs infected with cysticercosis caused by C. cellulosae depending on pig farming practices in Son La and Dien Bien provinces. Recommendation of preventive measures for porcine cysticercosis, thereby preventing human Taeniasis and cysticercosis.
The results of the project have made contribution to change the awareness, life and farming methods of people in the Northwest mountainous areas.
3. Scientific and practial significance of the dissertation
3.1. Scientific significance
The results of the project are scientific information of the epidemiological characteristics of porcine cysticercosis in Son La and Dien Bien provinces, Data from pathological and clinical characteristics of the disease, effective preventive measures for the disease, and developing epidemiological map of the díease occuring have some new contributions to the science.
3.2. Practical significance 
The results of the project are the scientific basis for recommendation to pig producer to apply the preventive measures for porcine cysticercosis in order to limit the prevalence of the disease, making contribution to development of pig heards and reduce the risk of pigs infected with adult tapeworm and tapeworm larvae in humans.
4. New contribution of the dissertation
 - The project is a systematic study on epidemiological, pathological and clinical characteristics of porcine cysticercosis in Son La and Dien Bien provinces.
- Recommendation of effective measures for prevention of porcine cysticercosis Prevention and treatment interventions of porcine cysticercosis have been recommended and applied widely in pig farming households in the provinces of Son La, Dien Bien and other provinces.
- Developing epidemiological maps for porcine cysticercosis occuring in Son La and Dien Bien provinces.
5. Structure of dissertation
The dissertation consisting of 110 pages are divided into 3 chapters: introduction (3 pages); Chapter 1: review of documents (32 pages); Chapter 2: Materials, contents and methods of study (18 pages); Chapter 3: Study results and discussion: (53 pages); Conclusions and recommendations (3 pages).
References (12 pages); Pictures related to the project (17 pages); Appendix (26 pages).
The dissertation includes 36 tables, 15 charts and graphs, 2 maps, 88 colour pictures showing the results of the project, 132 references (50 documents in Vietnamese, 82 documents in foreign languages, in which 30.30% are documents from 2015 - 2019).
Chapter 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The life cycle of T. solium is complex. Humans are the only definitive host of T. solium, humans and pigs also both play a role of intermediate hosts.
Pigs are infected with C. cellulosae by eating food, drinking water containing either T. solium scoleces or eggs pass in human faeces contaminated with tapeworms (Bouteille B., 2004; Satyaprakash K., 2018).
C. cellulosae can parasitize anywhere in pig or human body, such as: connective tissues, fat tissues, neck muscle, buttock, heart muscle, intercostal muscle, tongue muscle, brain, eyes and rarely found in parenchymal organs. In severe infection,The larvae may also be found in parenchymal organs of host body (Pham Van Khue and Phan Luc, 1996; Chu Thi Thom et al., 2006; Phan Luc, 2006).
When pigs were lightly infected with C. cellulosae their clinical manifestation are rarely observed, pigs appear to be normally healthy (Trevisan C. et al., 2016).
 Disection of infected pigs it parasitic larvae are often found in Skeletal muscle tissues with blocked capillaries resulting in obstructed circulation, hematoma; Nerve compression leading to paralysis. The larvae also cause foci of fibromyositis and tissue inflammation in parasitic sites (Nguyen Thi Kim Lan, 2012).
Diagnosis of C. cellulosae in pigs cannot only be based on clinical symptoms, because the symptoms of infecction is atypical . In order to correctly diagnose cysticercosis in pigs, it is necessary to perform dissection to search parasitic larvae in the muscles of pigs. It can also be diagnosed by serological method (Nguyen Thi Kim Lan et al, 2008; Pham Sy Lang and Phan Dich Lan, 2011, Ana-Maria Oleleu et al., 2016).
 In order to prevent porcine cysticercosis in pigs raised in the east, south and west of Zambia, it is necessary to limit construction of latrine temporarily for humans, because pigs can easily access to human feces and infected with C. cellulosae. (Sikasunge CS et al., 2008).
 In addition, raising pigs in confinement and building pigpens away from the residental areas is an effective way for prevention of porcine cysticercosis (Zirintunda G. and Ekou J., 2015; Madinga J. et al. ., 2017). 
 Strengthening control of slaughtering pigs at slaughterhouses. Pigs infected with C. cellulosae must be removed and their meat must not be used as human food (Le Bach Quang, 2008; Meester M. 2019).
According to Pham Sy Lang and Phan Dich Lan (2011), when pigs are found to be infected with cysticercosis, they must be treated immediately and under the supervision of veterinary agencies to avoid using meat indiscrimately and transmitting the disease to humans. If treated, two drugs for treatment of the disease can be administered at following dosage: albendazole: 30 mg/kg B.W and oxfendazole: 30 mg/kg B.W.These drugs can be administered in pigs for 3 consecutive days, after 24 days the larvae will die (Zirintunda G. and Ekou J. 2015).
Chapter 2
MATERIALS, CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY
2.1. Object, time and place of study
2.1.1. Objects
- Pigs at different ages raised at household farm in 6 districts of Son La and Dien Bien provinces.
-Cysticercus cellulosae (T. solium) larvae (causing cysticercosis) in pigs.
2.1.2. Place and time of study
* Study period: 2016 - 2019.
* Place of study:
 - Sampling places: 3 districts of Son La province (Bac Yen, Muong La, Mai Son) and 3 districts of Dien Bien Province (Muong Ang, Tua Chua, Nam Po).
- Places for testing blood samples: Laboratory of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences of Thai Nguyen University, National Institute of Malariology Parasitology and Entomology, Thai Nguyen Central General Hospital.
2.2. Materials of study
2.2.1. Animals used for the study and Study samples
* Animals used for the study:
- Pigs at different ages raised at household farms in Son La and Dien Bien provinces (used for determining the prevalence of C. cellulosae infection).
- F1 pigs (Landrace x Mong Cai), 2 months old, healthy, weighing 17 - 18 kg / pig: 41 pigs (of which 21 were used to design experiments in study of pathological and clinical characteristics; 20 pigs of which were used for experimental drugs in treating cysticercosis).
All of the experimental pigs were born from healthy mother pigs, raised in an environment that ensures veterinary hygiene, fully being fed with synthetic feed; piglets born were managed, reared and kept in hygienic condition strictly, serological test results using ELISA Taenia solium Kit showed negative.
Samples studied: T. solium samples; blood samples from pigs experimentally infected with cysticercosis and blood samples from healthy pigs; Samples from Heart, liver, lungs, samples from healthy pigs respectively.
2.2.2. Instruments, equipment and chemicals
 Automated DNA sequencer, microtome used to section paraffin and plastic embedded tissues;  Celltac F hematology analyzer; AU480 chemistry analyzer used in biochemical test; refrigerator; light microscope, magnifying glass ; Test Kit SciMedx ELISA Taenia Solium / USA; chemicals for histology, Hematoxylin and eosin stain  (often H&E stain), one of the principal tissue stains used in histology, alcool 70o, alcool 90o and other chemicals and laboratory equipment.
2.3. Contents of study
2.3.1. Study on some epidemiological characteristics of porcine cysticercosis caused by Cysticercus cellulosae in Son La and Dien Bien provinces
  - The present situation of T. solium infection in humans and C. cellulosae in pigs in some districts of Son La and Dien Bien provinces.
- Comparison of the risk of pigs infected with cysticercus linked to farming practices of people in Son La and Dien Bien provinces.
  - Compared the risk of people infected with T. solium by eating habits in Son La and Dien Bien
  - Determining the correlation between the prevalence of T. solium in humans and the prevalence of C. cellulosae in pigs in Son La and Dien Bien provinces.
 2.3.2. Study on cysticercosis in experimentally infected pigs
- Identifying cestode species.
- Infecting pigs with T. solium eggs.
- Monitoring clinical symptoms in pigs infected with cysticercosis.
- Studying changes in some red blood cell indices in pigs, white blood cell indices and blood biochemical ndices in infected pigs.
- Determining the macropic and micropic lesions in pigs with cysticercosis
2.3.3. Study on some prevention and treatment interventions of cysticercosis in pigs  
- Determining time period of C. cellulosae death.
- Using experimental drugs in treating cysticercosis in pig experimentally infected
  - Developing epidemiological maps of cysticercosis occuring in pigs in Son La and Dien Bien provinces
2.4. Studied methods
2.4.1. Method of determining epidemiological characteristics of cysticercosis in Son La and Dien Bien provinces
2.4.1.1. Methods of epidemiological study
- Using descriptive epidemiological methods, analytical epidemiological and experimental epidemiological methods (Nguyen Nhu Thanh, 2011).
* Sample collection: 2,078 pigs were dissected in Son La and Dien Bien provinces; 3 districts in each province; 5 communes in each district. In each commune, dissected pigs were randomly examinated.
* Methods for determining relative risk (Relative Risk - RR):
Determining the risk of the disease by calculating the relative risk (RR) according to Nguyen Nhu Thanh (2011).
2.4.1.2. Methods of identifying pigs with cysticercosis and collecting samples
- Applying the complete helminthological dissection methods of K.I. Skrjabin (1928) for examining pigs' muscles, heart, brain, kidneys, liver, spleen for detection of C. cellulosae.
- The prevalence of the larvae was determined on the basis of identifying infected pigs out of 2,078 pigs examined.
- The intensity of larval infection was determined by the number of parasitic larvae 40 cm2 of muscle slices of pigs (based on Circular No. 09/2016/TT - Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development dated June 1, 2016), particularly in brain, kidneys and heart: the intensity of infection was calculated by the number of C. cellulosae larvae present in the whole brain, kidneys, heart of each pig.
2.4.1.3. M ... xperimental treatment regimen for porcine cysticercosis 
3.3.5.1. Experimental treatment of experimentally infected pigs
* Safety of the treatment regimens: The results from evaluating the safety of 3 treatment regimens for porcine cysticercosis were shown in Table 3.30.
The results in Table 3.30 showed that 2 hours after administration of the drug, pigs in group I, II and III (for those the treatment regimens were used) did not show any abnormal reactions compared to those before the drug was used. This result was similar to that of pigs in the control group. Thus, the regimens used were very safe for pigs
*Efficacy of treatment regimens: 
Table 3.31. Efficacy of Treatment regimens for experimentally infected pigs with cysticercosis 
Treatment regimen
Treatment regimen and drug used
Order number 
Results from dissection after the treatment (+/-)
Number of pigs (-)
(pig)
Day
11
Day 12
Day 13
Day 14
Day 15
I
Praziquantel 20 mg/kg/day for 2 days
1
-
4/5
2
+
3
-
4
-
5
-
II 
Albendazole 15 mg/kg/day for 3 days
1
+
4/5
2
-
3
-
4
-
5
-
III 
Praziquantel 20 mg/kg on the first day, albendazole 15 mg/kg/for 2 following days
1
-
5/5
2
-
3
-
4
-
5
-
Control group
No drugs were used
1
+
0/5
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
+
* Notes: (+): (+): larvae surviving, (-): killed larvae
Table 3.31 showed that In regimen III praziquantel 20 mg/kg/day used on the first day, then albendazole 15 mg/kg/day for the next 2 days, the larvae in all of 5 pigs werekilled. While in regimens I and II there were many killed larvae in pigs at dissection, examination of pigs in the control group showed that the larvae in all 5 pigs still survived.
Thus, when treatment of porcine cysticercosis with a single drug regimen, it was not as effective as combination of two drugs in the regimen.
3.3.5.2. Experimental treatment of cysticercosis in pigs in the field
* Identifying infected pigs in the field:
Table 3.32. Percentage of serum sample with positive ELISA test (antibodies against C. cellulosae antigen were detected)
 Location
(province, district)
Number of pigs used for serological test (pig)
Percentage of positive serum samples 
Number of pigs (pig)
Percentage 
(%)
*Son La Province
150
11
7,33
 Bac Yen District
50
5
10,0
 Mai Son District
50
2
4,0
 Muong La District
50
4
8,0
* Dien Bien Province
150
13
8,66
 Muong Ang District
50
3
6,0
 Tua Chua District
50
4
8,0
 Nam Po District
50
6
12,0
Table 3.32 showed that: ELISA kit used was able to detect from 7.33% -8.66% of tested pigs with antibodies agaist C. cellulosae lantigen in their serum in Son La province and Dien Bien peovinces.
Compared to the results from dissection and examination of pigs, the positive serum from serological test was much higher. This is because pigs were dissected randomly in the localities, while pigs whose blood taken for ELISA test were weak piglets selected. Therefore, the rate of pigs with positive sera was higher than that of infected pigs at the time of dissection and examination, which was reasonable
* Results from monitoring for clinical signs in seropositive pigs
Monitoring for clinical signs of 11 pigs in Son La and 13 pigs in Dien Bien showed positive serum results by ELISA kit. The results were shown in Table 3.33.
The results from table 3.33 showed that: In Son La province (11 pigs with positive sera) and in Dien Bien province (13 pigs with positive sera), both Manifested clinical signs such as: intermittent erected hair in the back of the necks, trembling, grinding teeth. difficulty walking, limbling. The percentage of symptoms varied from 72.73% - 100%.
Thus, the pigs with seropositive to antibody against C. cellulosae showed clinical signs These signs were similar to the signs of pigs experimentally infected with cysticercosis (table 3.20). Particularly, 100% of pigs experimentally infected with cysticercosis and number of positive pigs in the field had quite typical manifestations: the hairs on the back of the neck was intermittently erected many times a day, each time the pigs were trembling, grinding their teeth.
The above results allowed us to judge that in practice, the diagnosis of pigs infected with cysticercosis can be based on the specific symptoms. In addition, some pigs also had fever, cough and diarrhea, limping. These are the clinical manifestation of porcine cysticercosis that veterinarians and farmers should keep in mind.
* Efficacy of Treatment regimen III for treating cysticercosis in the field
Table 3.34. Efficacy of Treatment regimen III for treating cysticercosis in the field
Location
(province, district)
Number of pigs treated (pig)
Results from serological test(-) 
20 days after treatment 
30 days after treatment
Number of pigs (pig)
Percentage
(%)
Number of pigs (pig
Percentage
(%)
*Son La Province
 Bac Yen District
5
1
20,0
4
80,0
 Mai Son District
2
0
0,0
2
100
 Muong La district
4
0
0,0
3
75,0
*Total
11
1
9,1
9
81,82
*Dien Bien Province
 Muong Ang District
3
0
0,0
3
100
 Tua Chua District
4
1
25,0
4
100
Nam Po District
6
1
16,66
5
83,33
Total
13
2
15,38
12
92,30
Table 3.34 showed that In Son La 20 days after treatment, testing pig serum samples using ELISA kit, only 1/11 pigs were found negative, accounting for 9.1%. Testing results on day 30 showed that 9/11 pigs were negative, accounting for 81.82%.
In Dien Bien province 20 days after treatment, testing pig serum samples using ELISA kit, only 2/13 pigs were found negative, accounting for 15.38%. Testing results on day 30 showed that 12/13 pigs were negative, accounting for 92.30%.
Thus, regimen III, a combination of praziquantel and albendazole at administered dose showed a relatively good effect in treating cysticercosis in pigs in the field.
3.3.6. Developing of epidemiological maps of cysticercosis occuring in pigs in Son La and Dien Bien provinces
 The epidemiological map of cysticercosis occuring has been developed in 30 communes and towns of 6 districts of Son La and Dien Bien provinces (Figure 3.16, 3.17).
From the experimental results of treatment for porcine cysticercosis, we could draw the two conclusions as following: i) praziquantel along with administered dose of albendazole showed a relatively good effect in treating porcine cysticercosis; ii) 20 days after treatment, antibodies against C. cellulosae still remained in pig serum and completely disappeared on day 30 after treatment.
3.3.7. Recommendation of preventive measures for porcine cysticercosis 
3.3.7.1. Measures for Animal Health in the field 
* In term of pigs
- Detecting pigs with cysticercosis through clinical symptoms of the disease. If possible, use of the Taenia solium ELISA kit for serological test . From the results of this assay, treatment for pigs infected with cysticercosis using regimen III (including praziquantel at dose of 20 mg/kg B.W orally administered on the first day, then albendazole 15 mg/kg B.W orally administered for the next 2 days).
- Strict slaughter control. Only the meat of non - infected pork is allowed to sell in the market . Do not raise pigs free range; hygienic food and drinking water should be used for pigs
 - Do not allow pigs to contact human faeces. All pigs that are slaughtered must be strictly controlled.
It is only allowed to sell pork free of this disease.
3.3.7.2. Measures in the field for human Health
Processing meat infected with cysticercosis
When pigs are found to get cysticercosis at an acceptable level, they should be processed using the following methods:
- Boiling: Meat should be cut into slices of 1.5 - 2 kg, 5 cm thick,and cooked for 45 minutes from the time water begins boiling; For meat 8 cm thick, it should be cooked for 90 minutes from the water begins boiling.
- Processing by low temperature: Meat of 5 cm thick at a temperature of - 15oC, 2 day later total larvae will be killed; the meat of 8 cm thick at a temperature of - 15oC, 5 days later the larvae will be completely killed
- Smoking: according to the smoking way of the Thai families, the time period for larvae to be killed in meat of 5 cm thick is at least 5 days, at the meat production bases, the smoking time in the smoke house is at least 2 days.
 Promoting sanitation and prevention of the disease for people
- In rural or mountainous areas, hygienic latrines should be built for prevention of pigs eating .tapeworm proglottids in human feces. Pigs must be raised in confinement, not raised free range.
- Enhancing people's hygiene awareness, communicating the messages related to basic knowledge and danger of cysticercosis to people so that they should only eat food that has been washed, well cooked, not eating pork suspected of being infected with cysticercosis, before eating and after defecation the hands must be washed with clean water and soap.
Diagnosis and treatment of human cestode infection
Diagnosis of cestode infection in people by asking people about the disease, ca long with faeces tests for cestode proplottids or eggs. Then deworming is performed in patients with parasitic cestode.
The cestode deworming in humans should be carried out in clinics.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
	1. Conclusion
From the results of the study we draw some conclusions as follows:
1.1. In term of the epidemiological characteristics of cysticercosis in pigs in Son La and Dien Bien provinces 
* Regarding the situation of Cysticercus cellulosae infection in pigs
- The prevalence of cysticercosis among pigs tested in Son La province is 2.59%, in Dien Bien province is 3.37%. C. cellulosae parasitizes pig muscle, brain, heart and kidneys. The prevalence of cysticercosis in dissected and examinated pigs in Son La and Dien Bien provinces increases with the pig's age. The prevalence of cysticercosis in pigs raised in Summer - Autumn seasons is higher than that of Winter - Spring seasons (3.8% compared to 2.15% respectively). The prevalence of cysticercosis in pigs raised free range is higher that that of Half - free range pigs and pigs raised in confinement (5.37%: 1.94% and: 0.66% respectively).
- In diffent methods of pig farming: The prevalence of cysticercosis in local pigs is higher than that of cross bred pigs. In the free-range method, the pig breeds hardly affect the prevalence of cysticercosis. The prevalence of cysticercosis in pigs varies by terrain (high mountain region: midle land region and plain region, the percentage 4.57%; 2.61%: 1.11% respectively).
* On the status of T. solium tapeworm infection in humans
- The prevalence of T. solium infection among people investigated in Son La and in Dien Bien is 3.07% and 3.86% respectively. The prevalence of T. solium in humans increases with age. The prevalence of T. solium infection is higher in men than in women.
- In free-range and half-free-range pigs the risk of cysticercosis in pigs increase from 2.04 - 7.58 times higher than that of pigs raised in confinement (in Son la and 2,29 - 8,64 times (in Dien bien)
The correlation between the prevalence of cysticercosis in pigs and the prevalence of tapeworm infection in humans is very positively correlated, the correlation coefficient R = 0.929 and 0.74 in Son La and Dien Bien respectively.
1.2. Regarding cysticercosis in pigs in Son La and Dien Bien provinces 
- Time period for completement of larval development at parasitic sites in experimentally infected pigs is from 90 - 120 days. The number of parasitic larvae more or less depends on the number of tapeworm eggs infecting pigs.
- All of 14 infected pigs suffer from cysticercosis. They show symptoms including: fever, cough, skinny, pale mucous membranes, ruffled hair coats, diarrhea, sore eyes, convulsions, hypersalivation, erected hair in the back of the neck, trembling, grinding teeth, difficulty walking, limping. Pigs in experimentally infected group 2 express symptoms more severe than those of the experimental group 1 .
- The macropic lesions of pigs in group 2 are more severe than those of group 1.
- Hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin content, Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), are all lower than those of healthy pigs. White blood cell counts, the ratio of eosinophils and lymphocytes, especially the proportion of basophils in pigs infected with cysticercosis increase; The ratio of large monocytes and basophils decrease compared to healthy pigs. The content of total protein, albumin and urea in the blood of pigs infected with cysticercosis decreased; The content of bilirubin, GOT, GPT increase compared to those of healthy pigs. Pigs infected with cysticercosis show congestion, hemorrhage, inflammation and tissue degeneration.
The number of white blood cells, the ratio of eosinophils and lymphocytes, especially the proportion of eosinophils in pigs infected with rice increases; The ratio of large monocytes decreased compared to healthy pigs. The content of total protein, albumin and urea in the blood of pigs infected with rice disease decreased; The content of bilirubin, GOT, GPT increased compared to healthy pigs. Pigs infected with rice disease have congestion, hemorrhage, inflammation and organizational degeneration.
1.3. In term of measures for prevention of cysticercosis in pigs
* Processing meat to kill larvae
- The time period to cook meat of 5 cm thick from the time the water starts to boil is 45 minutes; The meat of 8 cm thick takes 90 minutes to kill the larvae.
 Meat of 5 cm thick, 1.5 - 2 kg weight, need to be stored at - 15oC for 2 days; meat of 8 cm thick, at - 15oC for 5 days to kill all larvae.
- Smoked meat by hanging up the kitchen according to Thai families (40 - 50oC), the larvae in meat will be killed 5 days later
- If the meat is smoked in the smoke house at the smoked meat production base (temperature of 60 - 65oC), the larvae in the meat will die 2 days later.
* Experimental treatment regimen of cysticercosis
All of 3 regimens for treatment of cysticercosis are safe for pigs.
- Regimen III with praziquantel 20 mg/kg/day for the first day, albendazole 15 mg/kg/day for the next 2 days has the highest efficacy in treating cysticercosis in pigs of 3 regimens (from 81.82 - 92, 30%).
* Prevention and treatment interventions of porcine cysticercosis have been recommmended, thereby preventing taeaniasis and cysticercosis in humans.
* Epidemic map of cysticercosis occuring in pigs in the studied locations has been developed in Son La and Dien Bien provinces.
2. Recommendation
 	The sub department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Son La Province, Dien Bien Province and the Agricultural Service Center of districts and cities in the province must apply integrated preventive measures for porcine cysticercosis. 
Government agencies responsible forAnimal Health and human Health must use the map of cysticercosis occuring in pig in the studied locations to focus on monitoring for porcine cysticercosis and in human taeniasis.