Tóm tắt Luận án Investigating possible impact of upstream development scenarios on the flow regime and salinity intrusion in the dry season in the Mekong delta, Vietnam

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
VIETNAM ACADEMY FOR WATER RESOURCES
SOUTHERN INSTITUTE OF WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH
--------------------
TO QUANG TOAN
INVESTIGATING POSSIBLE IMPACT OF UPSTREAM
DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS ON THE FLOW REGIME
AND SALINITY INTRUSION IN THE DRY SEASON IN THE
MEKONG DELTA, VIETNAM
Major: Water Resources Engineering
Code : 62 58 02 12
SUMMARY OF DOCTORIAL THESIS IN ENGINEERING
HOCHIMINH CITY - 2015
The research has been accomplished at:
Southern Institute of Water Resources Research
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Tang Duc Thang
Examiner 1: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Le Van Nghi
Examiner 2: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Ba Quy
Examiner 3: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Huynh Thanh Son
This thesis to be defended at the committee of doctorial thesis
examiners, at:
Southern Institute of Water Resources Research
658. Vo Van Kiet Blvd., Ward 01, District 5, Hochiminh city
at 08:00AM, Date 24th January 2015
This thesis can be found at:
- Vietnam National Library.
- Library of Vietnam Academy for Water Resources.
- Library of Southern Institute of Water Resources Research.
- 1 - 
INTRODUCTION 
0.1. THE URGENCY OF THE THESIS 
The Mekong Delta plays a very important role in social and 
economic development in Vietnam, especially for food security. It 
has been developing very fast, in 1985 total food production 
achieved 6.3 million tons, in 2011 it achieved 23.4 million tons, 
contributing more than 50% of food production of the whole country, 
90% of exported rice production. More than 70% of exported 
aquaculture products and about 55% of exported fruit come from the 
delta. 
Sustainable development of the Mekong Delta has been 
threatened by development in the upstream which changes the flow 
into the plain in both flood season and dry season, especially a 
change in the salinity intrusion in dry season resulting in a change in 
the source of water which affects people’s livelihood, agricultural 
production (crop pattern, area, yield and production), aquaculture 
products and other activities. 
In the past time, there were a lot of researches on salinity 
intrusion in Mekong Delta in which they concentrated mainly on 
monitoring and evaluating the changes of salinity intrusion according 
to hydrological and meteorological conditions; calculation for water 
resources planning, systematic design and water resources 
management. These activities had important contributions to 
irrigational development in the Mekong Delta, preventing and 
controlling saline water and reserving fresh water for social and 
economic development. 
Most calculations of salinity intrusion in the country are based 
on design probability standards (flow, tide, water use) or on typical 
years, therefore, they are still limited very much, the impacts from 
the upstream to the Mekong Delta have not been considered in 
immediate, short-term or long-term cases. One of reasons leading to 
the above-mentioned shortcomings is a lack of tools to evaluate these 
impacts. 
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Recently the researches of International Mekong River 
Commission have taken into account the upstream development, 
their impacts in a ranger of typical hydrological conditions were 
evaluated, However, these are only the initial researches which have 
just evaluated the overview of the influence of the upstream 
development, especially not yet evaluated the different aspects of 
hydroelectric development, not yet evaluated in detail the influence 
of the development of every country on a change in the flow and 
salinity intrusion in Mekong Delta. For that very reason, the 
reliability of the results of calculation and evaluation of these 
researches are still much limited. In addition, solutions adjusting to a 
change in the upstream in Mekong Delta have not been cared 
considerably. 
The above-mentioned analyses show the sustainable 
development of economy and society in Mekong Delta requires more 
adequate researches on the upstream, especially on a change in the 
flow by the impacts of agricultural and hydroelectric development as 
a basis for proposing solutions adapting to changes. These are 
reasons for the research of this thesis topic. 
0.2. PURPOSE OF THESIS 
The purpose of the thesis topic is to advance reliably scientific 
evaluations on the capacity of water source in dry season and the 
salinity intrusion change in Mekong Delta for the target of 
sustainable agricultural development in the context of (hydroelectric 
and agricultural) development in the upstream in the future. 
0.3. OBJECT, SCOPE AND AIM OF RESEARCH 
Research objects: Reservoirs, hydroelectric reservoirs on the 
basin and irrigational system in the upstream of Mekong River. The 
system of irrigational structures in Mekong Delta: salinity intrusion 
prevention and irrigation culverts; the river systems, irrigating and 
draining canals; the system of dike and embankment. 
Scope: Regarding space: research topic on the basin of 
Mekong River. Regarding research problems: impacts on the flow in 
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dry season on Mekong Delta according to the scenarios of 
development in the upstream which are limited to hydroelectric and 
agricultural development including Chinese hydroelectricity and the 
hydroelectricity of main tributaries in the downstream as proposed 
plan. In Mekong Delta, restriction to the research is a change in the 
flow into the plain and a change in the development of salinity 
intrusion due to upstream development. The boundary of sea tide is 
taken in the same condition as it was in 2005, this is considered as a 
typical year near to the present conditions (which have been chosen 
by many recent researches). Regarding adaptation solutions, the main 
interest in this thesis is water resources solutions for preventing 
salinity intrusion and guaranteeing the source of water. 
The aim of research is to evaluate hydrological changes of 
historical flow (past to present) and near future (by hydroelectric and 
agricultural development in the upstream) and their impact, from that 
point, orientation and adaptation (irrigational) solutions are proposed 
for agricultural development production in Mekong Delta. 
0.4. PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE 
 Scientific significance 
The scientific significance of the research is to solve the 
outstanding problems scientifically for sustainable agricultural 
development in the Mekong Delta. A set of tools is set up for 
scientific research and water management supporting to agricultural 
production, which help to forecast the flow of dry season and salinity 
intrusion. 
 Practical significance 
The thesis has practical significance for the work of planning, 
research concerning water resources and environmental protection, 
serving practically agricultural production (forecasting salinity 
intrusion, seasonal arrangement, water management), helping to 
make relevant decisions. A set of tools is applied to forecast salinity 
intrusion in severe drought years 2010 and 2013. 
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0.5. STRUCTURE OF THESIS 
The thesis is presented in 140 pages including 28 figures, 34 
tables and interpretational pages. The main contents of the thesis 
include 3 main chapters and conclusion. Chapter1: Overview of 
research problems: Mekong river basin, existed related researches 
and identified the contents of the research; Chapter 2: Research on 
the impacts of the abilities of the upstream development on the flow 
regime into Mekong Delta; Chapter 3: Research on the impacts of 
the abilities of the upstream development on the flow and salinity 
intrusion in Mekong Delta and adaptation solutions; Conclusion and 
recommendation of the thesis: Some main results have newness and 
the recommendations of the thesis have been advanced. 
CHAPTER 1 
OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS: MEKONG RIVER 
BASIN, RELATED EXISTING RESEARCHES AND THE 
IDENTIFIED CONTENTS OF THE RESEARCH. 
1.1. OVERVIEW OF MEKONG RIVER BASIN 
Mekong River basin has total area of 795,000 km
2
 and annual 
total flow of approximately 475 billion m
3
, flowing through the 
territories of 6 countries: China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, 
Cambodia and Vietnam (see Table 1.1). The river has total length of 
main stream of more than 4,800 km in which the part of river 
through 2 upstream countries is about 2,100 km long. The upstream 
of Mekong Delta is the basin from China and extended to Kratie (the 
starting point of Mekong Delta). The upstream of Mekong Delta of 
Vietnam is understood as the basin from China spreading to the 
border of Vietnam and Cambodia. 
Tonle Sap in Cambodia is considered as a natural lake which 
plays a very important role in regulating the flow into the 
downstream of the plain in both flood and dry season. Every year the 
lake supplies to the downstream about 40-80 billion m
3
 water in 
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which about 50% water discharge is obtained thanks to regulation 
from the flood flow of Mekong River. 
Table 1.1: Area and contribution of flow from countries 
No
. 
Name of 
country 
Area in 
the basin 
(Km
2
) 
% 
compared 
with the 
area of the 
basin 
% compared 
with the area 
of the 
country 
% 
contribution 
of flow 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
China 
Myanmar 
Laos 
Thailand 
Cambodia 
Vietnam 
165,000 
24,000 
202,000 
184,000 
155,000 
65,000 
21 
3 
25 
22 
20 
9 
97 
36 
86 
20 
16 
2 
35 
18 
18 
11 
 Total area: 795,000 100 Total flow: 475 km
3
(Source : International Mekong River Commission - MRC, 2003) 
1.2. STATUS QUO, DEVELOPMENT ABILITIES IN THE 
MEKONG RIVER BASIN AND MAJOR CONCERN IN 
MEKONG DELTA 
There is a very huge potentiality of land which has ability to 
adjust to agricultural development in the upstream with total area of 
4 downstream countries of 29.8 million hectares which concentrate 
mainly in Thailand (12.2 million hectares) Cambodia (11.2 million 
hectares), Laos (2.7 million hectares) the remainder is in Vietnam. At 
present the only a small part of land resources of the basin are 
exploited, mainly in rainy season, accounting for about 11-17% 
adjustable land in every country. In condition of the year 2000, the 
irrigated area in dry season in Thailand only achieved about 160,000 
hectares, Laos 130,000 hectares and Cambodia 250,000 hectares 
(according to MRC, 2002). To increase the cultivated area in 
upstream countries, the largest limitation is difficulties in water 
source, investing and building an irrigational system is very costly 
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due to difficulties in terrain and geology, the area is crumbled 
because it is separated by terrain. 
According to the development plan of the upstream countries 
until 2020, agricultural area in Thailand can come to 3 million 
hectares, the cultivated area in Cambodia is 2.5 million hectares and 
in Laos is 0.5 million hectares. In near future, hydroelectric 
development with total active volume of reservoirs comes to 
approximately 50 billion m
3
. 
In the present condition, there are few cultivated areas in the 
upstream, however, salinity intrusion in Mekong Delta has happened 
complexly, increasing development in the upstream and building 
dams can cause unfavorable impacts on the delta and increase 
salinity intrusion threatening stable development in the Mekong 
Delta. This is considered as great interest in Mekong Delta in the 
future. 
1.3. RELATED EXISTING RESEARCHES, LITTLE 
MENTIONED PROBLEMS AND THE IDENTIFIED 
RESEARCH CONTENTS OF THE THESIS 
The researches of international organizations, especially the 
researches of MRC in the Basin Development Programme (BDP), 
only advance a significant increase in discharge in the scenarios of 
the upstream development [54], [55] and [77]. Few researches 
mention or have not yet analyzed abnormal operation capacity at 
hydroelectric works. One still pays little attention to the evaluation of 
salinity intrusion change due to model limitation. 
Domestic researchs on salinity intrusion in Mekong Delta and 
development in the upstream have been mentioned [3], [4], [16]  
there were few specific or sketchy researches not including the 
upstream [9], [13], [24]-[28], [33]. The majority of researches take 
discharge at Kratie by design frequency standards or by typical 
years. This leads to limitations which are (1) Impractical evaluation 
of the influence of salinity intrusion by design probability standards; 
(ii) Inadequate evaluation of impacts of upstream development on 
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Mekong Delta ; (iii) Not paying much attention to adaptation 
solutions to developments in the upstream ; (iv) Reliability of 
calculated results is still a problem. 
RESEARCH CONTENTS OF THE THESIS 
1) Research on actual state and development abilities in the 
Mekong River basin, research on flow regime into Mekong 
Delta from historical data to indicate opportunities and 
challenges due to hydrological change of water flow into 
Mekong Delta ; 
2) Research on the change in flow discharge of dry season on 
Mekong River due to upstream development and its influence 
on the flow and salinity intrusion on the Mekong Delta ; 
3) Proposing water resources solutions in Mekong Delta to prevent 
salinity intrusion and adaptation to development ability in the 
upstream. 
CHAPTER 2 
RESEARCH ON THE IMPACT OF UPSTREAM 
DEVELOPMENT ABILITIES ON FLOW REGIME INTO 
MEKONG DELTA 
This chapter presents the author’s researches on the basis of 
inheriting a set of DSF tools with improvements of the existing 
applications (of IQQM) and replacing ISIS model with MIKE 11 
model, building models with data updated by scenarios to obtain 
tools for the research of thesis topic. Research on hydrological 
regime of historical flow into Mekong Delta to get evaluational 
analyses of changes in the past due to the impact of developments in 
the upstream by different periods (3 periods) as a basis for evaluating 
changes due to development in the upstream in the future. Scenarios 
of upstream development have been built on development levels in 
the upstream (high or low), interest in influences by the field 
(agriculture, hydroelectricity), by the space (area, country, territoty). 
The development tool of the thesis has been applied to simulate, 
analyze and evaluate the impact by developments in the upstream on 
the change in the flow into Mekong Delta. 
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2.1. DEVELOPING TOOLS FOR THE RESEARCH OF THE 
THESIS 
The research has inherited the Decision Support Framework 
(DSF), a set of tools helping to make decisions of MRC, making 
good the shortcomings of the existing models, replacing and building 
the models of more reliability. Diagram of tools for the research of 
the thesis is advanced in Figure 2.1. 
Figure 2.1: Diagram of tools for the research of the thesis and 
connections of models to simulate the upstream dev ...  has quantified adequately the impacts according to 
the upstream development scenarios on changes in the flow and the 
development of salinity intrusion on the Mekong delta including both 
positive impacts and negative impacts. Detail the impacts due to 
hydroelectric development; due to agricultural development in the 
upper countries or according to the area. Indicate opportunities for 
increasing water source as well as unfathomable impacts and obtain 
adaptation solutions to upstream developments. 
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 
4.1. CONCLUSION 
The thesis has solved some shortcomings discovered in 
relevant researches such as indicating unreliability in planning and 
design solutions according to design probability standard 
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corresponding to discharge into Mekong Delta at Kratie and 
advancing adaptation solutions to the possible impacts due to 
development in the upstream. At the same time, solving 
shortcomings scientifically (reliability of calculation results) thanks 
to tool improvement and approach methods has indicated 
unfavorable impacts which previous researches have not yet had 
such as (i) Discharge reduction at the beginning of rainy season and 
at the end of dry season (due to early or late water retention) makes 
salinity appear early or end late; (ii) Clarification such as the impact 
of Chinese hydroelectricity which does not increase completely and 
regularly the discharge into the downstream but it still has 
unfavorable impacts when water is retained abnormally or capacity 
increase is operated; (iii) The impact can be caused by an increase in 
agricultural area in Cambodia  Analyzing a sequence of historical 
data has helped to understand the law of the flow change in dry 
season and changes in recent time have helped to forecast the long-
term flow in dry season and salinity intrusion. 
 Some new main results which the thesis has achieved as 
advanced below: 
 Regarding the development of tool set of the thesis topic 
1) The thesis has inherited the DSF, a set of tools for making 
decision by International Mekong River Commission, overcoming 
shortcomings and developing newly as indicated in Chapter 2, 
simultaneously building scenarios and simulation models. Apply this 
tool set to simulate, analyze and indicate unfavorable impacts on the 
flow change and salinity intrusion in Mekong Delta according to 
development scenarios in the upstream. The results of the thesis and 
the updated data base set have created a set of knowledge base (data 
base and model tools) of Mekong River basin, which permits to 
apply in scientific research and production service in Mekong Delta 
such as annual salinity intrusion forecast; water resources protection, 
management and planning, supporting to agricultural, irrigational 
development, aquaculture and environmental protection. 
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 Regarding changes in the flow into Mekong Delta (at Kratie) 
from a new research of the thesis with a sequence of 
historical data from 1924 to 2012 
2) The thesis has analyzed and evaluated the flow changes in dry 
season into Mekong Delta from a sequence of historical data from 
1924 to 2012 and quantified the flow changes of the months in dry 
season according to periods, proving this increase due to the 
regulation impacts of reservoirs on the basin from rainy season to dry 
season, simultaneously indicating changes have happened in the 
process of the flow in dry season in recent years. These results have 
been used as a basis for comparing, evaluating the reliability of the 
simulated results of models of the thesis (explaining the abnormal 
increase and decrease of the flow in recent years) and forecasting the 
future, which helps to advance the process of salinity intrusion 
forecast in Mekong Delta with specific products that are a set of tools 
having ability to forecast long-term salinity intrusion directly from 
the beginning of dry season with quite high reliability as applied 
effectively in heavily droughty years 2010 and 2013. 
3) The thesis has also indicated that the flow in Mekong River is 
quite stable, difference between discharge corresponding to 
probability of 85% used for design or planning as compared with 
discharge corresponding to probability of 50% in droughty months 
(Table 2.9) is smaller considerably as compared with regulation 
ability of hydroelectric reservoirs or an increase in irrigation use in 
the upstream. This conclusion also explains why irrigational systems 
are designed with high guarantee level but meet with difficulties in 
water supply and salinity intrusion prevention every time dry season 
arrives. The thesis has built the evaluation indicators of impact rates 
of upstream scenarios on a change in the flow into the Mekong Delta 
(Table 3.5) based on the analytical results of difference in discharge 
according to probability. 
 Regarding the impact of upstream development scenarios on 
changes in the flow into Mekong Delta 
- 25 - 
4) The thesis has proved that the impact of upstream development 
scenarios can increase discharge into Mekong Delta as evaluated in 
related researches of MRC in [54], [55] and [77], however, it only 
happens with the cases of normal operation of hydroelectric 
reservoirs. At the same time it has indicated anxiety due to an 
increase in agricultural development in Cambodia and a change in 
water quality when an increase in water use in the direction of 
upstream can surpass 30% water potentiality in months of dry season 
(Table 2.19), at that time water environment pollution can happen 
although discharge into Mekong Delta still increases more due to the 
regulation of hydroelectric reservoirs. 
5) The thesis has studied the scenarios of hydroelectric operation 
and indicated disadvantages in a change in the flow into Mekong 
Delta due to the impact of developments in the upstream: (i) An 
increase in capacity of Chinese hydroelectricity can make 30-40% of 
the number of years have months of the flow into downstream 
descend (such as 2010 and 2013); (ii) Abnormal operation at Chinese 
hydroelectricity can change considerably hydrological regime of the 
flow into the Mekong delta, turning the flow of dry season in normal 
hydrological year into droughty year or the year of much water; (iii) 
Early water retention operation can make the flow into Mekong 
Delta decrease at the beginning of rainy season, or late water 
retention will decrease the flow at the beginning of dry season and it 
will be very unfavorable for 2 main rice crops; (iv) Day-night peak 
coverage operation at large hydroelectric reservoirs in the scope of 
distance of 300-700 km for Mekong Delta of Vietnam will be able to 
affect a change in salinity intrusion on the Mekong Delta. 
 Regarding changes in the flow, salinity intrusion and 
adaptation solutions in Mekong Delta of Vietnam 
6) The thesis has indicated that regulation impact of hydroelectric 
reservoirs has partially limited salinity intrusion increase in Mekong 
Delta in past time due to a change in the flow in droughty months. 
When an increase in the regulation of hydroelectric reservoirs in the 
- 26 - 
future can decrease salinity intrusion on the Mekong Delta; pushing 
salinity come near river mouths: Tien River (receding 4.5 km); Hau 
River (receding 6.3 km). However, very unfavorable impacts are still 
always implicit in the cases of hydroelectric operation: (i) reservoirs 
retaining water early can make long-standing salinity last, which 
affects Summer-Autumn rice; (ii) reservoirs retaining water late can 
make salinity appear early (1 to 2 months), which affects Winter-
Spring rice crops; reservoirs retaining water abnormally or operation 
according to the requirements for load (capacity increase) can make 
saline development change suddenly. 
7) The thesis has indicated that the system of the existing 
irrigational works can operate more effectively on condition that 
regulation discharge into downstream is increased but cultivated area 
is still maintained as it is now, however, it is difficult to satisfy in 
cases that hydroelectric operation causes unfavorable impacts for 
Mekong Delta and main solutions have been proposed in order to 
adjust actively to unfavorable conditions, especially strengthening 
observation and forecast; taking initiative in sluice gates on-off 
operation (by electric motor); supplementing pump stations to make 
the best of opportunities for fresh water in the condition of dry 
season in which salinity changes through time. Associate projects to 
strengthen ability to guarantee water source and raise the capacity of 
water management units. 
4.2. RECOMMENDATION 
1) Continuing to perfect and develop a set of tools, building newly 
scenarios with updated data of upstream development, reservoir 
operation  can happen in the future (due to time limit this research 
has not yet implemented). 
2) Continuing to work out fully the evaluations of the law of the 
flow in dry season in years in succession and the flow in 
corresponding flood season to serve the work of the flow forecast of 
dry season and long and short term salinity intrusion forecast. 
3) Clarifying more the investment itinerary in large water 
resources works in Mekong Delta, large main stream sluice gates. 
- 27 - 
The research has indicated these structures are really necessary when 
subjective impact in the upstream changes the flow into Mekong 
Delta. 
LIST 
WORKS OF AUTHOR HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED INSIDE 
COUNTRY 
1. To Quang Toan, Le Sam (2007), “Past changes in water demand 
evaluated for the Mekong Delta of Vietnam from 1985 to 2000’, 
Technological & Scientific results collection in 2006-2007, 
Southern Institute of Water resources research, Agriculture 
Publishing House, pages 115-123. 
2. Nguyen An Nien, To Quang Toan (2007), “Another method for 
deriving governing equations for one dimensional hydraulic 
problem in open channels”, Technological & Scientific results 
collection in 2006-2007, Southern Institute of Water resources 
research, Agriculture Publishing House, pages 464-473. 
3. To Quang Toan, Tang Duc Thang and Pham Duc Nghia (2008), 
“Initial investigating on acid water movement at the early rainy 
season in the Plain of Reeds”, Technological & Scientific results 
collection in 2008, Southern Institute of Water resources 
research, Agriculture Publishing House, pages 409-419. 
4. To Quang Toan, Trinh Thi Long and Vu Nguyen Hoang Giang 
(2009), “Surface water resources assessment of Thi Vai river 
basin and its environmental issues”, Technological & Scientific 
results collection in 2009, Southern Institute of Water resources 
research, Agriculture Publishing House, pages 76-85. 
5. To Quang Toan, Nguyen Quang Kim and Tang Duc Thang 
(2009), “Assessment of variation of Mekong river flow at Kratie 
for different upstream development scenarios”, Technological & 
Scientific results collection in 2009, Southern Institute of Water 
resources research, pages 115-123. 
6. To Quang Toan, Nguyen Quang Kim et al (2009), “Assessment 
of water requirement changes for upstream development 
scenarios compared to 2000 baseline condition”, Environmental 
& Irrigational Technical Science Magazine No. 24/3-2009, 
Hanoi Water Resources University, pages 16-22. 
- 28 - 
7. To Quang Toan, Nguyen Quang Kim et al (2009), “Assessment 
of variation of Mekong flow at Kratie for different upstream 
development scenarios”, Environmental & Irrigational 
Technical Science Magazine No. 24/3-2009, Hanoi Water 
Resources University, pages 7-15. 
8. To Quang Toan, Tang Duc Thang (2010), “Tidal inundation 
change due to sea water level rise in the Mekong Delta according 
to climate change scenarios and its possible impact to biosphere 
reservation area of Ca Mau peninsula. Technological & Scientific 
results collection in 2010, Southern Institute of Water resources 
research, Agriculture Publishing House, pages 25-33; Report 
collection at Scientific seminar in Ca Mau in 2010 on 
‘Conserving the values of biosphere reserve and supporting 
inhabitants of coastal area of Ca Mau province in the face of 
climate change’, Department of Science and Technology of Ca 
Mau province, pages 101-108. 
9. To Quang Toan, Tang Duc Thang, et al (2010), “Point of view 
and proposed measures for floods and tidal inundation adaptation 
for the Mekong Delta in climate change conditions”, 
Technological & Scientific results collection in 2010, Southern 
Institute of Water resources research, Agriculture Publishing 
House, pages 34-42. 
10. To Quang Toan, Tang Duc Thang (2011), “Inundation by floods 
and sea level rise in Mekong Delta in the context of climate 
change and some adaptation solutions”, Irrigational 
Technological Science Magazine – No. 4/10-2011, Vietnam 
Academy for Water resources, pages 2-7. 
11.To Quang Toan and Tang Duc Thang (2013), “Evaluation of the
hydrological change of Mekong river flow to the deltaic area
based on the historical data at Kratie station from 1924 to 2012”,
Science and technology for water resources Journal – No 19/12-
2013, Vietnam Academy for Water Resources, pp. 17-23.
LIST
WORKS OF AUTHOR HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED INTERNATIONAL
12.To Quang Toan (2006), “Past changes in water demand evaluated
for the Mekong delta of Viet Nam from 1985 to 2000”,
Proceedings of the 2nd symposium on sustainable development of
the Mekong river basin, Phnom Penh – Cambodia.
13.To Quang Toan (2006), “Water resources management in the
Mekong basin: modelling and evaluation of floods, droughts and
salinity intrusion”, Proceedings of the International Symposium
on Prediction of Rice Production Variation in East and Southeast
Asia under Global Warming, INAES, Tsukuba, Japan.
14.To Quang Toan et al. (2008), “An investigation for acid water
spreading on the canal systems at the early stage of rainy season
in the Plain of Reeds”, Proceedings of the 3th international
workshop on the sucstainable development of the Mekong basin,
Khonkhaen, Thailand.
15.To Quang Toan and Nguyen Quang Kim (2010), “The impact of
upstream development scenarios to downstream saline water
intrusion in the Mekong delta”, Proceedings of the Large Dams
workshop, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
16.To Quang Toan, Tang Duc Thang and Nguyen Anh Duc (2010),
“Impact of climate change and sea water level rise to the
innundation condition in the Mekong delta”, Proceedings of the
8th Annual Mekong floods forum, Vientiane, Lao PDR, pp. 374-
379.
17.To Quang Toan, Tang Duc Thang (2014), “Evaluation of the
hydrological change of Mekong river flow to the Deltaic area
based on the historical data at Kratie station from 1924 to 2012”,
Proceedings of the 19th IAHR-ADP 2014 congress, Thuyloi
University, Hanoi, Section 5 – Sustainable water resources.